Table 1.
Serving sizes and nutritional compositions of the reference and test meals1.
Table 2.
Content of amino acids in the whey and soy protein isolates.
Figure 1.
Postprandial plasma glucose responses.
Mean (± SEM) incremental postprandial changes (Δ) in plasma glucose in response to equal amounts of carbohydrates from a reference meal and the PMPD meals; n = 14 (n = 13 for S and S+6AA; n = 12 for W+6AA). Values with different letters are significantly different, P≤0.05 (ANCOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons test). A significant treatment effect (P<0.001) and a significant time x treatment interaction (P<0.001) was found. *At 60 min W induced a significantly lower glucose response than did the reference. S (soy protein isolate); S+5AA (S, iso, leu, lys, thr and val); S+6AA (S+5AA and arg); W (whey protein isolate); W+5AA (W, iso, leu, lys, thr and val); W+6AA (W+5AA and arg).
Table 3.
Plasma glucose and serum insulin responses after the meals1.
Table 4.
Early postprandial incremental areas under the curve (iAUC) for plasma glucose and serum insulin responses1.
Figure 2.
Postprandial serum insulin responses.
Mean (± SEM) incremental postprandial changes (Δ) in serum insulin in response to equal amounts of carbohydrates from a reference meal and the PMPD meals; n = 14 (n = 13 for S and S+6AA; n = 12 for W+6AA). A significant treatment effect (P<0.001) but no time x treatment interaction was found. S (soy protein isolate); S+5AA (S, iso, leu, lys, thr and val); S+6AA (S+5AA and arg); W (whey protein isolate); W+5AA (W, iso, leu, lys, thr and val); W+6AA (W+5AA and arg).
Table 5.
Incremental postprandial areas under the curve (iAUC 0–60 min) for the different plasma amino acids1.
Figure 3.
Postprandial plasma incretin responses.
Mean (± SEM) incremental postprandial changes in GIP (A) and GLP-1 (B) in response to equal amounts of carbohydrates from a reference meal and the PMPD meals; n = 14 (n = 13 for S and S+6AA; n = 12 for W+6AA). Significant treatment effects (P<0.0001) but no time x treatment interactions were found for neither GLP-1 nor GIP. S (soy protein isolate); W (whey protein isolate); W+5AA (W, iso, leu, lys, thr and val).
Table 6.
Spearman’s partial correlation coefficients and P values controlling for subjects and corresponding baseline values (two-tailed test), for the relations between plasma amino acids, plasma incretins, serum insulin (iAUC 0–15 min, respectively), and plasma glucose (expressed as GI, GP and Glucose iPeak)1.