Figure 1.
Distribution of Cercopithecus lomamiensis (sp. nov.) and its sister species, C. hamlyni (left), and locations of specimens and observations of C. lomamiensis (right). Outside of DRC, C. hamlyni occurs only at Nyungwe Forest National Park, Rwanda. The TL2 region extends from the upper Tshuapa River, across the Lomami River to the Lualaba River. See Table SI for details of specimens cited.
Figure 2.
Skull of Cercopithecus lomamiensis (YPM 14080, holotype).
Photographs show lateral (A) and anterior (B) views of the cranium and mandible, and occlusal views of the mandible (C) and cranium (D). Scale bar in each frame = 1 cm.
Figure 3.
Captive Cercopithecus lomamiensis.
Left: Adult male, Yawende, DRC. Photograph by M. Emetshu. Right: Subadult female, Opala, DRC. Photograph by J. A. Hart.
Figure 4.
Portraits: Captive adult male Cercopithecus hamlyni (upper left), photo by Noel Rowe, with permission; and captive adult male Cercopithecus lomamiensis (upper right), Yawende, DRC, photo by Maurice Emetshu. Lateral view: Hunter-killed adult male Cercopithecus hamlyni (bottom left), photo by Gilbert Paluku; and eagle-killed subadult female Cercopithecus lomamiensis (bottom right), photo by Gilbert Paluku.
Figure 5.
Comparative crania of C. lomamiensis (left) and C. hamlyni (right) (A), and principal components analysis of Procrustes aligned coordinates in a 3-D geometric morphometric analysis of 23 landmarks on cercopithecin crania (B). The wireframe crania at each end of PC1 and PC2 represent the shape changes observed moving across a given axis. Distinctive changes in cranial shape separating the taxa on PC1 are associated with orbit size and occipital length/flexion. The minimum convex polygon representing C. lomamiensis (n = 3) does not overlap with the minimum convex polygon representing its sister species, C. hamlyni (n = 7). See Table S4 for details of statistical results.
Figure 6.
Cercopithecus hamlyni, captured east of Kisangani, DRC (left), and Cercopithecus lomamiensis, captured near Obenge, DRC (right). White nose stripe is variably present in juvenile C. hamlyni from the Kisangani region. Photos by John Hart.
Figure 7.
Adult male perinea and scrota.
Hunter-killed C. hamlyni (left) and hunter-killed C. lomamiensis (right). Photos by Gilbert Paluku.
Figure 8.
Spectrograms of booms of C. lomamiensis and C. hamlyni.
Frequency (Hz) is on the Y-axis; time (sec) is on the X-axis. Mean values for acoustic measures for each species are indicated: 1. High frequency, 2. Low frequency, A. Start frequency, B. Q1 frequency, C. Q3 frequency, D. End frequency, dotted line: slopes.
Figure 9.
Estimated cercopithecin divergence dates.
Dashed gray lines highlight the inferred divergence date between C. lomamiensis and C. hamlyni for each locus: TSPY (A), ∼ 1.7 Ma (3.2–0.5 Ma), and Xq13.3 homolog (B), ∼ 2.8 Ma (4.3–0.6 Ma). For both loci, mean divergence date estimates were inferred using a Bayesian approach implemented in BEAST 1.5.3. Confidence intervals of 95% for all nodes are given in Table S9. Tree topology follows that inferred by maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses using GARLI and MRBAYES, respectively. Clades supported by ML bootstrap and Bayesian clade credibility values of <90/0.90 are marked with *.
Figure 10.
Estimated divergence dates (Ma) for selected guenons (Cercopithecus) based on analyses of TSPY and Xq13.3 homolog sequences.
Values shown are mean and 95% Confidence Interval for estimates. See Table S9 for full comparisons.
Table 1.
Comparison of ecology and behavior of C. lomamiensis and C. hamlyni.
Table 2.
Distribution of anthropoid primates of the Tshuapa–Lomami–Lualaba (TL2) region1.