Table 1.
List of the samples used for the genetic analysis.
Figure 1.
Phylogenetic analyses of sequence data.
All trees shown are ML trees obtained from the analysis of (a) COI barcode sequences, (b) 28S rDNA sequences, and (c) the combination of both genes; values above branches are bootstrap supports for each node. Branch lengths represent the number of substitutions per site. Trees (b) and (c) are unrooted.
Table 2.
Percentage of divergence in DNA barcode sequences.
Table 3.
Variations within sequences of 28S rRNA.
Figure 2.
Specimens of Sinobirma malaisei; (A, C, D, F) = dorsal view, (B, E, G) = ventral view.
Scale bars = 1 cm; specimens approximately to the same scale. (A–B): holotype ♀, Myanmar, Kachin State (S), Kambaiti; in NHRS. (C): ♀, China, Yunnan, Tongbinguan nature reserve; in MNHN. (D–E): ♂, China, Yunnan, Gaoligongshan; in CSNB. (F–G): ♂, China, Yunnan, Yingjiang, Xima; in CSNB. (H): ova, China, Yunnan. (I–K): 1st larval instar, rearing attempt from the eggs in Fig. 1H.
Figure 3.
Specimens of Sinobirma myanmarensis; (A, C, E, G, I, K) = dorsal view, (B, D, F, H, J, L) = ventral view.
Scale bars = 1 cm; specimens approximately to the same scale. (A–B): holotype (HT) ♂, Myanmar, Kachin State (N), Chudu Razi Range; in ZMHU. (C–D): paratype (PT) ♂, same data as HT; in CSNB. (E–F): PT ♂, Myanmar, Kachin State (N), E Putao; in CSNB. (G–L): PT ♂♂ (G–J) and ♀ (K–L), Myanmar, Sagaing State, E Ngalung Ga; in CSNB.
Figure 4.
Specimens of Sinobirma bouyeri; (A, C, E, G, H) = dorsal view, (B, D, F, I, J) = ventral view.
Scale bars = 1 cm; specimens approximately to the same scale. (A–B): holotype (HT) ♀, China, Tibet, Tomi; photo T. Bouyer; in SMFL. (C–F): paratype (PT) ♀♀, same data as HT; in CSNB & CTBO. (G–J): PT ♂♂, India, Arunachal Pradesh, near Rapum; in CSNB & CSLL.
Figure 5.
♂ genitalia of Sinobirma species; each panel represent a posterior view of the main genital structure at the top, the phallus immediately below, and the posterior end of 8th sternite and tergite at the bottom.
Scale bars = 1 mm. (A): S. malaisei. China, Yunnan, Gaoligongshan; no. 2024/09 Naumann. (B): S. myanmarensis. Myanmar, Kachin, Chudu Razi Range, no. 2022/09 Naumann. (C): S. bouyeri. India, Arunachal Pradesh, near Rapum, no. 2021/09 Naumann. (D): S. myanmarensis. Myanmar, Sagaing, E Ngalung Ga, no. 2023/09 Naumann.
Figure 6.
Female genitalia of Sinobirma malaisei, China, Yunnan, Tongbinguan nature reserve; (A) ventral view, (B) lateral view (drawings reproduced from
[5]). Scale bars = 1 mm.
Figure 7.
Map showing the known distribution of the species of Sinobirma in Asia.
Symbols may represent more than one locality in close proximity; type localities are indicated by a black dot within the symbol. The locality cited in Vinciguerra & Racheli [6] for S. malaisei is represented by a white symbol.
Table 4.
Summary of the material examined and of diagnostic morphological characters between the three Sinobirma species studied.