Figure 1.
Map of the middle Madeira River region, Amazonas State, Brazil, showing communities where research was carried out.
The inset map shows the location of the middle Madeira River in Northern South America. Map by Victoria Frausin.
Figure 2.
Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) showing the composition of bitter manioc landraces sampled in fields on Ultisols, Oxisols, Anthropogenic Dark Earths (ADE) and on floodplains along the middle Madeira River (percentage of explanation of the bidimensional model: 35.8%).
Each point represents a bitter manioc field, and its position in the graph is a bidimensional representation of the Bray-Curtis dissimilarity between the fields.
Figure 3.
Farmer perceptions of performance for the six most frequent manioc landraces cultivated in Oxisols, Ultisols and Anthropogenic Dark Earths (ADE) along the middle Madeira River.
Numbers in the axis indicate the Performance-Rank Index (pri) of each landrace in each type of soil, calculated based on the perception of 162 farmers interviewed on the Middle Madeira. Dots indicate the value of pri for each variety in the three types of soil.
Table 1.
Farmer-recorded production of 50 kg sacks of manioc flour that would be obtained from approximately 0.5 ha of swidden plot at various localities along the Middle Madeira River, Central Amazonia, Brazil, in 2007–2008.
Table 2.
Number of informants, both total and key individuals for manioc management, number of landraces cultivated, and the ways that farmers manage seedlings at six communities along the middle Madeira River, municipality of Manicoré, Amazonas, Brazil.
Table 3.
Indices of intra-varietal genetic diversity [Observed (HO) and expected (HE) heterozygosities, and number of multi-locus genotypes (No. MLGs)] for five bitter manioc landraces cultivated in different soil types in the middle Madeira River region, based on variation detected with 10 microsatellite markers.
Figure 4.
Principal Coordinates Analysis based on diversity revealed by 10 microsatellites markers showing the dispersion of 48 swiddens from three soil types (17 in ADE soils, 14 in floodplain soils and 17 in Oxisols/Utilsols) in six communities along the middle Madeira River.
The two coordinates together explain 65.4% of the variation in the matrix.
Figure 5.
Schematic representation of floodplain zones relative to the main channel, lakes and terra firme (non-flooded upland plateaus).
Vazante is the local term on the middle Madeira for the banks of the main channel, Restinga for the high levee floodplain and Cacaia for the back-swamp area. Drawn by Victoria Frausin.