Figure 1.
Expected and Observed Residence Time of elephants in the different strata.
Low-, medium- and high levels of (a) forage-, (b) water-, (c) shade availability and (d) human disturbance.
Figure 2.
Proportion of time spent in feeding, moving, standing and resting in different strata.
Low-, medium- and high levels of (a) forage-, (b) water- and (c) shade availability and (d) human disturbance.
Figure 3.
Classification trees showing the partitioning of elephant group size in the different strata.
L: low-; M: medium- and H: high (a) forage availability and (b) human disturbance. The y-axis of each graph indicates the proportion of groups observed in the different strata. For the trees depicting the influence of water- and shade availability, see Figure S1.
Figure 4.
Movement rate (mean ± SE) of elephants in different strata of human disturbance.
Figure 5.
Classification trees for residence time of female and male elephants in the different strata.
(a) Forage- and (b) water availability. The y-axis of each graph indicates the proportion of groups observed in the different strata. For the trees depicting the influence of shade availability and human disturbance, see Figure S2.
Figure 6.
Classification trees for residence time of adult and subadult male elephants in the different strata.
(a) Forage- and (b) water availability. The y-axis of each graph indicates the proportion of groups observed in the different strata. For the trees depicting the influence of water- and shade availability, see Figure S3. For the trees depicting the influence of forage-, water-, shade availability and human disturbance on residence time of adult and subadult female elephants, see Figure S4.
Figure 7.
Classification trees for residence time of adult and subadult male elephants in the different strata as a function of group types.
(a) Forage-, (b) water- and (c) shade availability and (d) human disturbance. The y-axis of each graph indicates the proportion of groups observed in the different strata.
Figure 8.
Classification trees of the probability of individual adult and subadult male elephants occurring in the different strata.
(a) Forage availability and (b) human disturbance. The y-axis of each graph indicates the proportion of groups observed in the different strata. For the trees depicting the influence of water- and shade availability, see Figure S5.
Figure 9.
Classification trees of the probability of an individual herd occurring in the different strata.
L: low-; M: medium- and H: high (a) forage availability and (b) human disturbance. The y-axis of each graph indicates the proportion of groups observed in the different strata. For the trees depicting the influence of water- and shade availability, see Figure S6.
Figure 10.
The level of human-elephant conflict in the surrounding human-dominated landscape is shown.
Table 1.
Stratification of the study area into zones of low-, medium- and high levels of forage-, water- and shade availability, and human disturbance.
Table 2.
Distribution of land-use types observed in the study area across the zones of low-, medium- and high levels of forage-, water- and shade availability, and human disturbance.