Figure 1.
Flowers and floral morphology of species of Loasaceae subfam.
Loasoidea used in this study. A. Caiophora cirsiifolia, B. Loasa insons, C. Nasa macrothyrsa, D. Nasa moroensis, E. Nasa vargasii, F. Presliophytum heucheraefolium, G. Flower of Nasa vargasii, important floral organs labelled, H. Neoxylocopa lachnea [46], harvesting nectar on Nasa macrothyrsa, note the outwards bent nectar scale, J. Inflorescence of Nasa urens with flowers in different stages of the anthesis, right: fruiting inflorescence, K. Sequence of the stamen movement in Nasa vargasii. A mature stamen leaves the boat-shaped petal, passes the gap between two nectar scales and reaches the center of the flower to present its pollen.
Figure 2.
Rate of the stamen movement depending on different abiotic factors and visitation rates in Nasa macrothyrsa.
Different letters indicate significant differences between the treatments in the number of stamens moved per unit time (gls model; P<0.05, Supporting Information S1).
Table 1.
Stamen movement depending on stimulation and abiotic factors in N. macrothyrsa.
Table 2.
Average stamen movement values per flower at different stimulus intervals (bold: experimentally derived data, rest: calculated).
Figure 3.
Influence of different visitation rates (stimulus intervals) on the stamen movement rate and the corresponding lenght of the staminate phase in Nasa macrothyrsa.
Figure 4.
Detailed stamen movement under different visitation rates (stimulus intervals) in Nasa urens.
Different letters indicate significant differences between the amount of stamens moved (gls model; P<0.05, Supporting Information S1).
Figure 5.
Detailed stamen movement under different visitation rates (stimulus intervals) in Loasa insons.
Different letters indicate significant differences between the amount of stamens moved (gls model; P<0.05, Supporting Information S1).
Figure 6.
Detailed stamen movement under different visitation rates (stimulus intervals) in Nasa dyeri subsp. australis.
Different letters indicate significant differences between the amount of stamens moved (gls model; P<0.05, Supporting Information S1).
Figure 7.
Stamen movement rates in Nasa urens per 5 min interval from stimulation at different stages of the anthesis.
Figure 8.
Stem and leaf plot of data for the different flower ages incl. extremes (*) in Nasa urens.
Different letters indicate significant differences between the amount of stamens moved (gls model; P<0.05, Supporting Information S1).
Table 3.
Thigmonastic stamen movement at different points of the staminate phase.
Figure 9.
Summary of the data on the stamen origin experimentally obtained.
Grey filling/arrow = stimulated nectar scale. Stamen movements from individual stamen fascicles were summed up for five stimulations in 30 Min. intervals. Percentage of stamen movement for each fascicle is given in the corresponding “petal”. A. Nasa vargasii, B. N. moroensis, C. N. macrothyrsa, D. Caiophora cirsiifolia, E. Presliophytum heucheraefolium.
Table 4.
Sample size and P-values of the experiment on the stamen origin.