Figure 1.
Illustration of the procedure of the present study.
Only the Chinese characters are shown in this figure. Faces and Chinese characters were presented in separate blocks. Participants were instructed to respond to the targets (stimuli with a red or green rectangle frame, 11.76% of total trials) by pressing one key for a red and another key for a green rectangle. There were different types of stimulus blocks for faces and Chinese characters: upright blocks (the upper 2 rows) with long (1150–1450 ms, mean 1300 ms) or short (500–800 ms, mean 650 ms) ISI, inverted blocks (not shown in this figure) with long or short ISI, and alternated blocks (the lowest rows) with short ISI. The contrasts between the upper 2 rows were the “adaptation-by-rate” effects, and the contrasts between the lower 2 rows were the “adaptation-by-orientation” effects for upright stimuli, respectively. The same contrasts were also performed for inverted faces and characters (not shown in this figure).
Figure 2.
The grand-averaged ERPs elicited by upright and inverted faces under long and short ISI conditions.
Data from the occipito-temporal (PO7/PO8) and temporal (P7/P8) sites are shown. The ERPs under long and short ISI conditions are denoted by red and blue lines, respectively. The ERPs for upright and inverted faces are denoted by dashed and solid lines, respectively.
Figure 3.
The grand-averaged ERPs elicited by upright and inverted faces under same and alternating orientation conditions.
Data from the occipito-temporal (PO7/PO8) and temporal (P7/P8) sites are shown. The ERPs under same and alternating orientation conditions are denoted by blue and red lines, respectively. The ERPs for upright and inverted faces are denoted by dashed and solid lines, respectively. Note that the ERPs under the same orientation condition are the same as the ERPs under the short ISI conditions in Figure 2.
Figure 4.
The grand-averaged ERPs elicited by upright and inverted Chinese characters under long and short ISI conditions.
Data from the occipito-temporal (PO7/PO8) and temporal (P7/P8) sites are shown. The ERPs under long and short ISI conditions are denoted by red and blue lines, respectively. The ERPs for upright and inverted characters are denoted by dashed and solid lines, respectively.
Figure 5.
The grand-averaged ERPs elicited by upright and inverted Chinese characters under same and alternating orientation conditions.
Data from the occipito-temporal (PO7/PO8) and temporal (P7/P8) sites are shown. The ERPs under same and alternating orientation conditions are denoted by blue and red lines, respectively. The ERPs for upright and inverted characters are denoted by dashed and solid lines, respectively. Note that the ERPs under the same orientation condition are the same as the ERPs under the short ISI conditions in Figure 4.
Figure 6.
The mean amplitudes of the P1 and N1 components for faces and Chinese characters under rate contrast and sequence contrast.
Data were presented for left hemisphere (LH, averaged across P7 and PO7 sites) and right hemisphere (RH, averaged across P8 and PO8 sites), respectively. Data were also averaged across orientation (upright vs. inverted).
Figure 7.
The scalp voltage maps of the P1 (averaged between 104–116 ms) and N170 (averaged between 164–176 ms) components elicited by faces and Chinese characters under conditions of long/short ISI and alternating/same orientation.
Data were collapsed across upright and inverted stimuli. The voltage maps of adaptation-by-rate and adaptation-by-orientation effects were obtained by subtracting ERPs under the short ISI condition from that under the long ISI condition, and by subtracting the ERPs under the same orientation condition from that under the alternating condition, respectively.