Figure 1.
Subspecies of Polygonia faunus and distribution map.
Shown are representative photographs of the Polygonia faunus subspecies: a) ‘faunus’, 8 miles northwest of Fraserdale, Ontario; b) ‘smythi’, Cooper Creek Wildlife Management Area, 11 miles southeast of Blairsville, Georgia; c) ‘arcticus’, Bug Creek, 15 miles southwest of Aklavik, NWT, Canada; d) ‘hylas’, 0.25 miles west of Turquoise Lake Reservoir, Leadville, Colorado; and e), ‘rusticus’, Lewis Creek, Sugar Pines, California. Fresh vouchers of subspecies ‘fulvescens’ were unavailable for this study. The distribution map of each subspecies is illustrated in f). Diamonds indicate the location of the specimens shown in a-e). A blend zone exists at the ‘rusticus’/’arcticus’ interface, and probably at the ‘faunus’/’arcticus’ and ‘arcticus’/’hylas’ interfaces (not illustrated).
Table 1.
Number of mitochondrial haplotypes and haplotype diversity values of each population.
Table 2.
Pairwise ФST values between populations calculated from mitochondrial haplotype frequencies in Arlequin.
Table 3.
Pairwise ФST values between subspecies calculated from mitochondrial haplotype frequencies in Arlequin.
Figure 2.
The statistical parsimony network of 35 Polygonia faunus mitochondrial haplotypes identified in the study, reconstructed using the software TCS v1.21.
Each circle represents a haplotype and is approximately proportional in area to the number of individuals possessing the haplotype. The smallest circles represent missing haplotypes. Each haplotype is named using the following convention: The alphabets preceding the hyphen indicate the subspecies as listed in b), and the alphabets following the hyphen indicate the populations in which the haplotype was recovered, with each population abbreviated according to the list in d). Widespread haplotypes, i.e., those occurring in more than two populations, have a ‘WS’ after the hyphen. For the three haplotypes found in more than one subspecies, c) lists the numbers of individuals for each; d) is the legend to the patterns representing each population on the network.
Figure 3.
Maximum Likelihood phylogeny of mtDNA haplotypes inferred in RaXML.
Numbers above branches are bootstrap support values greater than 50%. The length of branch leading to the outgroup is not to scale.
Table 4.
Allelic variability, expected and observed heterozygosity values estimated from genotyping 137 Polygonia faunus individuals for 8 microsatellite loci.
Table 5.
Pairwise FST values between populations calculated from the microsatellite data.
Table 6.
Pairwise FST values between subspecies calculated from the microsatellite data.
Figure 4.
Population structure inferred in STRUCTURE based on microsatellite data.
Each genetic cluster is represented by a colour. Every individual is represented by a single vertical line with coloured segments depicting the estimated proportion of ancestry from a given cluster. a) Results from the analysis where individuals were grouped into populations a priori; K = 5. b) Results from the analysis where individuals were grouped into subspecies a priori; K = 6.