Figure 1.
Effect of habitual exercise on lipolysis and levels of ATGL protein, mRNA and HSL protein.
(A and B) Both glycerol and FFA releases, as an index of lipolysis, are shown with or without isoproterenol in adipocyte from sedentary control group (CG) and habitual exercise group (EG) rats (n = 10 for each group). (C and D) Both mRNA band and representative immunoblotting band of ATGL (upper panel) with the relative density of each band (lower panel) are shown (control = 100, n = 10 for each group). (E) Representative immunoblotting band of unphosphorylated HSL (upper panel) with the relative density of each band (lower panel) are shown (control = 100, n = 10 for each group). Results were representative of three independent experiments. Bars and vertical lines indicate mean ± SD. *p<0.05.
Figure 2.
Effect of exercise on the expression of perilipin 1, CGI-58 and its interaction with ATGL and HSL in the pellet fraction.
(A, B, C and D) Representative immunoblotting band (upper panel) with the relative density of each band (lower panel) are shown (control = 100, n = 10 for each group). Bars and vertical lines indicate mean ± SD. *p<0.05. IP: immunoprecipitation; IB: immunoblotting.
Figure 3.
Effect of exercise on levels of PPARg -2 mRNA, protein and DNA binding activity.
(A) Representative PPARg-2 mRNA and (B and C) immunoblotting data (upper panel) with the relative density of each band (lower panel) in both cytosol (B) and nuclear (C) fractions are shown (control = 100, n = 10 for each group). (D) Activity of PPARg-2 in nuclear fraction was analyzed by EMSA (n = 4). Results were representative of three independent experiments. Bars and vertical lines indicate mean ± SD. *p<0.05 and **p<0.01. PPRE: PPAR response element.
Figure 4.
Rosiglitazone increases the levels of ATGL protein with elevated rates of the lipolysis.
(A) Representative immunoblotting data (upper panel) with the relative density of each band (lower panel) are shown (control = 100, n = 10 for each group). (B) The rate of rosiglitazone-induced lipolysis in primary adipocytes is shown (control = 100, n = 10 for each group). Results were representative of three independent experiments. Bars and vertical lines indicate mean ± SD. *p<0.05.
Figure 5.
PPARg -2 translationally modifies ATGL protein in non-adipose HeLa cells.
(A) Expressed PPARg-2 proteins are conformed by immunoblotting using c-myc antibody. (B and D) Representative immunoblotting data (upper panel) with the relative density of each band (lower panel) are shown (control = 100, n = 3). (C) The rates of released glycerol into incubation medium are shown (n = 3). Results were representative of three independent experiments. Bars and vertical lines indicate mean ± SD. *p<0.05 vs. control value. vec: mock-transfected control cells; vecP-2: PPARg-2-transfected cells; vecP-2/si: co-transfected cell of both PPARg-2 vector and its siRNA. IB: immunoblotting.
Figure 6.
The addition of insulin attenuates the levels of ATGL protein.
(A and B) Representative immunoblotting data (upper panel) with the relative density of each band (lower panel) are shown (control = 100, n = 3 and n = 10 for each group, respectively). Results were representative of three independent experiments. Bars and vertical lines indicate mean ± SD. *p<0.05. vec: mock-transfected control cells; vec-I: vec cells with insulin; vecP-2: PPARg-2-transfected cells; vecp-2-I: PPARg-2-transfected cells with insulin.
Table 1.
The levels of body weight, adipose tissue weight (epididymal) and plasma insulin in both CG and EG.