Figure 1.
Frontal (PIN 4357/15) of Aviturus exsecratus from ventral (A, C) and dorsal (B, D) views.
(A), (B) photographs and (C), (D) graphic representations. Abbreviations: ab, anterior bump; mr, medial (sagittal) ridge; nf, nasal facet; pff, prefrontal facet; pr, parietal ramus; obc, olfactory region of cranial cavity; ot, olfactory tract; ow, olfactory windows; sdlm, attachment surface of deep levator mandibulae anterior muscle. Scale bar = 1 cm.
Figure 2.
Parietal (PIN 4357/13+73) of Aviturus exsecratus in (A) ventral and (B) dorsal views.
Abbreviations: ff, frontal facet; frm, frontal ramus; mb, medial bump; mr, medial (sagittal) ridge; pb, posterior bump; sdlm, attachment surface of deep levator mandibulae anterior muscle; sf, squamosal facet; sp, squamosal process. Scale bar = 1 cm.
Figure 3.
Right and left vomers (PIN 4357/13), nasals (PIN 4357/7), and right squamosal (PIN 4357/73) of Aviturus exsecratus.
(A) dorsal and (B) ventral views of vomers, (C) ventral and (D) dorsal views of nasals and (E) dorsal, (F) ventral, (G) anterior views of right squamosal. Abbreviations: dr, dental row; ff, frontal facet; ml, marginal lamina; np, nasal process; op, otic process; pf, parietal facet; psl, posterior squamosal lamina; pmf, premaxillar facet; vp, vomerine process; zp, zygomatic process. Scale bar = 1 cm.
Figure 4.
Dentary cross sections of Aviturus exsecratus, drawn from natural cross section.
(A) position i (PIN 4357/27), (B) pos. ii (PIN 4357/13), and (C) pos. iii (PIN 4357/27). Abbreviations: mg, Meckelian groove; el, eminentia longitudinalis; prs, presymphyseal sulcus; ss, subdental shelf. Scale bar = 5 mm.
Figure 5.
Skull schematic draw of Andrias davidianus and skull reconstruction of Aviturus exsecratus.
(A) in ventral view, showing the dentition pattern on upper jaw and (B) from dorsal view. Abbreviations: f, frontal; n, nasal; m, maxillary; o, occipital; p, parietal; osp, orbitosphenoid; pm, premaxillary; prf, prefrontal; ptr, pterygoid; q, quadrate; s, squamosal; v, vomer. Scale bars = 5 mm.
Figure 6.
Axial skeleton elements of Av exsecratus.
(A) PIN 4356/4, a trunk vertebra in dorsal view. (B–D) PIN 4357/62, a rip in anterior (B), posterior (C) and medial (D) views. E–J. PIN 4356/61, a caudal vertebra in posterior (E), left lateral (F), anterior (G), right lateral (H), dorsal (I) and ventral (J) views. Abbreviations: aap, anterior alar process; act, anterior cotyle; fap, facies articularis prezygapophysialis; ha, haemapophysis; ir, interzygapophyseal ridge; na, neural arc; nc, neural canal; ncr, neural crest; prz, prezygapophysis; psz, postzygapophysis; tp, transversal process; z, zygosphene. Scale bar = 1 cm.
Figure 7.
Femur (PIN 4356/1) and ilium (PIN 4357/33) of Aviturus exsecratus.
Femur in (A) dorsal, (B) ventral, (C) anterior, (D) posterior views and (E) proximal, (F) distal ends. Ilium in (G) lateral and (H) medial sides. Abbreviations: fvd, foveal depression; ic, “intercondylar” crest; if, “intercondylar” fossa; ptf, pretrochlear fossa; tr, trochanter; trc, trochanteric crest; trg, trochanteric groove; trlg, trochlear groove. Scale bar = 1 cm.
Figure 8.
Ventral view of cranial cavity anterior portion in recent cryptobranchids.
(A) Andrias japonicus (NMA unnumbered specimen). (B) right half of cranial cavity of An. davidianus (ZFMK 76996). (C) left half of cranial cavity of Cryptobranchus alleganiensis (ZFMK 5245). Abbreviations: ab, anterior bump; bc, cranial cavity; f, frontal; fps, frontoparietal sutur; fs, frontal suture; obc, olfactory region of cranial cavity; ot, olfactory tract; ow, olfactory windows; p, parietal; ps, parietal suture. Scale bar = 5 mm.
Table 1.
Femoral index (relation of length of femur to the length of largest trunk vertebrae, [8]) in giant salamanders.
Figure 9.
Ontogenetic diversity within Cryptobranchidae.