Table 1.
Clinical characteristics of T1D patients and control population.
Table 2.
Baseline analytical differences of T1D patients and control population.
Figure 1.
Relative changes in insulin and glucose and in gluconeogenic precursors in response to acute exercise.
Relative changes in insulin and glucose (A) and in gluconeogenic precursors (B) in response to 30 minutes of acute exercise (80% VO2max). Percentage of variation was calculated for each individual as the levels of a certain metabolite after exercise minus the levels of the same metabolite prior to exercise relative to the former. Data are shown as mean±sem of net percent variation for T1D and control groups. A positive value of percentage of variation indicates that metabolic levels have increased in mean with exercise, whereas a negative mean denotes the opposite. *Indicates a significant variation in metabolic levels with exercise (Wilcoxon rank-summed test for the comparison of a particular metabolite level prior to and after exercise in the independent T1D and control exercisers, q<0.1). #Indicates a significant diabetes×exercise interaction for a particular metabolite (Repeated-measures ANOVA, q<0.1). Insulin and glucose data correspond to biochemical measurements, whereas lactate, alanine, and pyruvate were evaluated in 1H-NMR spectra according to Table S1.
Figure 2.
General significant enrichment in TCA cycle intermediates (TCAIs) in peripheral blood after acute exercise.
Monitored using GC-MS (malate, fumarate, α-ketoglutarate) and NMR (citrate and succinate). Data are mean±sem of net percent variation with exercise. *Indicates a significant variation in metabolic levels with exercise (Wilcoxon rank-summed test for the comparison of a particular metabolite level prior to and after exercise in the independent T1D and control exercisers, q<0.1).
Figure 3.
Relative changes in lypolysis (A) and BCAA metabolism (B) with acute exercise.
Data are mean±sem of net percent variation. *Indicates a significant variation in metabolic levels with exercise (Wilcoxon rank-summed test for the comparison of a particular metabolite level prior to and after exercise in the independent T1D and control exercisers, q<0.1). #Indicates a significant diabetes×exercise interaction for a particular metabolite (Repeated-measures ANOVA, q<0.1).