Figure 1.
Design of the modified go/no-go task.
(A) Block and trial frequencies of the Monitoring (2: high/low) × Maintenance (2: high/low) × Response Inhibition (2: go/no-go) with response inhibition nested within high monitoring. (B) Example blocks for low-monitoring, high-maintenance (left) and high-monitoring, low-maintenance (right). Monitoring was manipulated by the inclusion (high) or exclusion (low) of no-go trials within a block. Maintenance was manipulated by the presence (low) or absence (high) of instructions throughout the block.
Table 1.
Behavioral responses to the modified go/no-go task: Means (standard deviation).
Table 2.
Main effects analyses for the modified go/no-go task.
Table 3.
Interactions for the modified go/no-go task.
Figure 2.
The main effect of response inhibition.
Activations were observed in bilateral anterior insula (left images, peak MNI: −36 20 −8 and 33 17 4), dACC (bottom images, −9 23 31), rIFG (top right and bottom left, 51 14 13), and caudate (bottom left, 12 8 10).
Figure 3.
The interactions among the three goal pursuit components.
Bar charts represent the average parameter estimate across the entire (yellow) interaction cluster identified in the whole-brain analysis. (A) The interaction between goal maintenance and response inhibition. The preSMA and cerebellum showed increased activation during no-go > go low-maintenance compared to no-go > go high-maintenance (right). The bar chart displays the main effect of response inhibition as well as the two-way interaction in the preSMA. The preSMA interaction activation is shown in yellow overlayed on the dACC/preSMA activation from the main effect contrast of no-go > go in red (left). (B) The interaction between goal maintenance and performance monitoring. The supramarginal gyrus showed increased activation during low-monitoring > high-monitoring for low-maintenance blocks compared to the same contrast for high-maintenance blocks (left). The bar chart displays the main effect of low-monitoring > high-monitoring and the two-way interaction. The supramarginal gyrus activation (yellow) is shown overlayed on the activation from the main effect contrast of low-monitoring > high-monitoring (red).