Table 1.
Leaf carbon stable isotope ratios (δ13C) and stomatal traits of 17 Paphiopedilum species.
Table 2.
Leaf structural traits of 17 Paphiopedilum species. LMA, leaf mass per unit area (g m−2).
Figure 1.
Values for leaf traits and stomatal straits in Paphiopedilum species.
SL, stomatal length; SA, stomatal area; SD, stomatal density; LET, lower epidermal thickness; LT, leaf thickness; and VD, vein density. Names of subgenera are at left, and are based upon nuclear rDNA ITS trees from Cox et al. [46].
Figure 2.
Differences in stomatal traits and leaf thickness of Paphiopedilum due to growth habit.
SD, stomatal density; VD, vein density; SL, stomatal length; and LT, leaf thickness. Different letters above bars for each component indicate statistically different mean values (p≤0.05), as determined by LSD multiple comparison tests.
Table 3.
Phylogenetic signal (K) of leaf attributes and stomatal traits in 17 Paphiopedilum species.
Figure 3.
Factor-loading for stomatal and leaf traits along 2 axes of principal component analysis (PCA).
SL, stomatal length; SW, stomatal width; SA, stomatal area; SD, stomatal density; UET, upper epidermal thickness; UCT, upper cuticular thickness; LET, lower epidermal thickness; LCT, lower cuticular thickness; LMA, leaf mass per unit area; LA, leaf area; VD, vein density; and MT, mesophyll thickness.
Figure 4.
Correlations vein density with stomatal traits or lower epidermal thickness.
Plate (a) to (e), Pearson’s regressions; and plate (f) to (j), phylogenetically independent contrast correlations. VD, leaf vein density; SL, stomatal length; SW, stomatal width; SA, stomatal area; SD, stomatal density; and LET, lower epidermal thickness.
Figure 5.
Correlations of lower epidermal thickness (LET) with stomatal traits.
Plate (a) to (d), Pearson’s regressions; and plate (e) to (h), phylogenetically independent contrast correlations. SL, stomatal length; SW, stomatal width; SA, stomatal area; and SD, stomatal density.
Figure 6.
Correlation of upper epidermal thickness (UET) with stomatal density (SD).
(a) Pearson’s regression, and (b) phylogenetically independent contrast correlation.
Figure 7.
Correlation of stomatal length (SL) with stomatal density (SD)
. (a) Pearson’s regression, and (b) phylogenetically independent contrast correlation.