Table 1.
Locality and institutional abbreviations.
Figure 1.
Dentognathic remains of Hispanopithecus laietanus IPS34575 from CF1.
A–D, Right i1 in mesial (A), lingual (B), distal (C) and labial (D) views; E–G, Left p3 in occlusal (E), mesial (F) and buccal (G) views; H–J, Right p3 in occlusal (H), mesial (I), buccal (J); K–L, Left p4 in occlusal (K) and buccal (L) views; M–N, Mandibular fragment with right m1–m3, in occlusal (M) and buccal (N) views; O–P, Mandibular fragment with left m1–m3, in occlusal (O) and buccal (P) views.
Figure 2.
Postcranial remains of Hispanopithecus laietanus IPS34575 from CF1.
A–F, Proximal fragment of left ulna IPS34575g, in medial (A), anterior (B), lateral (C), posterior (D), proximal (E) and distal (F) views; G–J, Fragments of right radial diaphysis IPS34575h, in lateral (G), anterior (H), medial (I) and posterior (J) views; K–L, Distal fragment of ulnar diaphysis IPS34575j, in lateral (K) and posterior (L) views; M–Q, Proximal fragment of the right first rib IPS34575k, in cranial (M), anterior (N), caudal (O), posterior (P) and proximal (Q) views; R–U, Acromial portion of left clavicle IPS34575l, in cranial (R), posterior (S), caudal (T) and anterior (U) views; V-A’, Distal fragment of left humeral diaphysis, in medial (V), anterior (W), lateral (X), posterior (Y), proximal (Z) and distal (A’) views; B’, Fragment of left scapular blade IPS34575m in posterior view; C’–F’, Lateral fragment of left acromion process IPS34575m, in superior (C’), anterior (D’), inferior (E’) and posterior (F’) views.
Figure 3.
Geologic map showing the situation of selected Vallès-Penedès hominoid localities.
Drawn from an original kindly provided by M. Garcés.
Table 2.
Fossil remains of Hispanopithecus laietanus IPS34575 from CF1.
Figure 4.
Lower cheek-teeth proportions of Vallès-Penedès hominoids.
The depicted taxa included H. laietanus (CF1, CLL1 and LTR1), H. crusafonti (CP and TF), Anoiapithecus brevirostris (ACM/C3-Aj) and ‘Sivapithecus occidentalis’ nomen dubium (CV). All measurements were taken by the senior author of this paper (DMA). A, p3; B, p4; C, m1; D, m2; E, m3.
Figure 5.
Lower incisors of Hispanopithecus laietanus.
Each specimen depicted (from left to right) in mesial, lingual, distal and labial views. A, Right i1 IPS34575c from CF1; B, Right i1 IPS1841 from CLL1; C, Left i2 IPS1838 from CLL1.
Figure 6.
Lower third premolars of Hispanopithecus laietanus.
Each specimen depicted (from left to right) in occlusal, buccal and lingual views. A, Female left p3 IPS34575d from CF1; B, Female right p3 IPS34575e from CF1; C, Female right p3 IPS1762 from CLL1; D, Male left p3 IPS1791 from CLL1; E, Female right p3 IPS1803 (holotype) from LTR1; F, Male right p3 IPS1777 from CLL1; G, Male right c1-p4 IPS1764 from CLL1.
Figure 7.
Lower fourth premolars of Hispanopithecus spp.
Each specimen depicted (from left to right) in occlusal, buccal and lingual views. A, Female left p4 IPS34575b of H. laietanus from CF1; B, Female right p4 IPS1803 of H. laietanus (holotype) from LTR1; C, Left p4 IPS1775 of H. laietanus from CLL1; D, Right p4 IPS1776 of H. laietanus from CLL1; E, Male right p1–p4 IPS1764 from CLL1; F, Right p4 IPS1811 of H. crusafonti from CP.
Table 3.
Dental measurements of Hispanopithecus laietanus from CF1.
Figure 8.
Lower molars of Hispanopithecus spp.
All specimens depicted in occlusal view. A, Female right m1–m3 IPS34575f of H. laietanus from CF1; B, Female right m1–m3 IPS34575a of H. laietanus from CF1; C, Left m2–m3 IPS1804 (holotype) of H. laietanus from LTR1; D, Right m1–m2 IPS1803 (holotype) of H. laietanus from LTR1; E, Right m1–m3 IPS1802 of H. laietanus from CLL1; F, Left m1–m2 IPS1796 of H. laietanus from CLL1; G, Right m1–m2 IPS1797 of H. laietanus from CLL1; H, Left m1–m2 IPS9001 of H. laietanus from CLL1; I, Left m2 IPS1782 of H. laietanus from CLL1; J, Right m2 IPS1780 of H. laietanus from CLL1; K, Left m3 IPS1822 of H. laietanus from CLL1; L, Left m3 IPS1800 of H. laietanus from CLL1; M, Right m1 IPS1813 of H. crusafonti from CP; N, Right m2 IPS1816 of H. crusafonti from CP.
Figure 9.
Main morphological features of the H. laietanus proximal ulna from CF.
A, medial; B, anterior; C, and lateral. Stripes denote damaged areas.
Figure 10.
Proximal portion of the ulna of H. laietanus and H. hungaricus.
A, Proximal ulnar fragment of H. laietanus IPS34575g from CF1. B, Preserved ulnar portion of H. hungaricus RUD 22 from Rudabánya (cast, reversed).
Figure 11.
Principal Components Analysis (PCA) of the proximal ulna.
This PCA, based on eight shape variables of the proximal ulna (see Materials and methods), shows the phenetic affinities of the CF ulna of H. laietanus (in orange) compared to that of selected extant catarrhines (great apes in green, and colobines in red). The two principal components (PC1 and PC2) show that H. laietanus displays a proximal ulnar morphology unlike that of extant catarrhines, and somewhat intermediate between that of monkeys and extant apes (see text for further explanation). See PCA results in Table S1.