Figure 1.
Geographic distribution of Sarraceniaceae.
Darlingtonia (A) is restricted to western North America, Sarracenia (B) is widespread in Eastern North America, and Heliamphora (C) occurs in northern South America [17], [27]. Photographs by the authors.
Figure 2.
Maximum likelihood phylogenies of Sarraceniaceae.
Phylogenies are based on (A) plastid (matK, psbA-trnH, trnS-trnG); (B) nuclear (ITS, 26S, PHYC); and (C) mitochondrial (C, matR, rps3) sequence data. ML bootstrap percentages >65 and Bayesian posterior probabilities >0.85 are indicated at the nodes, respectively. Scale bar shows nucleotide substitutions per site.
Figure 3.
Maximum likelihood phylogeny of Sarraceniaceae based on plastid, nuclear, and mitochondrial data combined.
Sarracenia purpurea var. montana was excluded from this analysis (see text). ML bootstrap percentages >65 and Bayesian posterior probabilities >0.85 are indicated at the nodes, respectively. Scale bar shows nucleotide substitutions per site.
Figure 4.
BEAST chronogram for the combined data and hypothesized biogeographic history of Sarraceniaceae.
(A) Mean divergence times estimates are shown at the nodes of the cladogram. 95% posterior probability distribution shown with thick blue lines. Ancestral areas reconstructions from LAGRANGE [70], [71] shown in boxes near nodes. SA = South America; ENA = Eastern North America; WNA = Western North America; SAf = South Africa; and As = Asia. (B) We hypothesize that Sarraceniaceae originated in the Middle Eocene, perhaps in South America, and achieved its widespread distribution in North and South America by the Late Eocene. An early migration of Sarraceniaceae out of South America during the Eocene may have been facilitated via land connections in the proto-Caribbean. This connection would likely have been unavailable for direct overland migration by the mid-Oligocene, which is consistent with the early Oligocene disjunction of northern (Sarracenia, Darlingtonia) and southern (Heliamphora) members of Sarraceniacace. An East (Sarracenia+Heliamphora)/West (Darlingtonia) disjunction occurred in the very latest Oligocene, and may have been attributable to broad scale cooling and aridification during the late Oligocene.