Table 1.
The demographic, clinical, neuropsychological and decision-making results.
Figure 1.
Decision-making task results (IGT, RDMUR and RDGT).
A) IGT net score of Blocks 1 to 5; B) The number of cards selected in the RDMUR task; c) Total reaction time in the RDMUR task; D) Valence effects in the RDGT task; ERP mean amplitudes at the fERN timeframe; and E) Magnitude effects in the RDGT task; ERP mean amplitudes at the P3 timeframe. Boxes indicate SDs in b, c, d and e.
Table 2.
ERP descriptive statistics.
Figure 2.
fERN and P3 modulation of valence and reward magnitude.
A) FERN Valence modulation (wins vs. losses) in controls, patients with ADHD and those with BD.Voltage maps show the scalp modulations (losses minus wins) at the fERN timeframe. B) Magnitude modulation (large vs. small rewards) in controls, patients with ADHD and those with BD. The P3s of controls discriminated reward magnitudes whereas this effect was absent in patients with ADHD but enhanced in patients with BD. Voltage maps show the scalp modulations (large minus small) at the P3 timeframe.
Figure 3.
Cortical current density mapping of valence and reward magnitude.
A. The source estimation of distributed valence dipoles (fERN, left) and magnitude effects (P3, right) for controls, patients with ADHD and those with BD. Color-map values represent the t-values of comparisons between signal and noise. B. A time-series of the absolute power activation evoked by valence and reward magnitudes at the anterior, medial and posterior cingulate cortex (aCC, mCC, pCC). C. The average values of absolute power at aCC, mCC and PCC for the valence and magnitude effects for all groups. We obtained the ROIs at aCC, mCC and pCC using a Tzourio-Mazoyer partition.