Table 1.
Morphological measurements of the three individuals used in this study.
Figure 1.
Markers and segmentation used in this study.
Ventral view diagram of a bat indicating (A) the position of the wing and body markers and (B) the triangular segmentation used to calculate surface area, vertical force coefficient (Cv), and angles of attack. The dotted lines indicate the 11 segments used to calculate surface area and Cv and the grey-shaded triangles represent the segmentation used to calculate the proximal (prox) and distal (dist) angles of attack. ank, ankle; d3, d4 and d5, distal end of of distal phalanx of digits III, IV and V, respectively; ip, interphalangeal joint of digit V; mcp, metacarpal-phalangeal joint of digit V; pvs, pelvis; shd, shoulder; str, sternum; wst, wrist. Black markers indicate the markers used in the flight corridor trials.
Table 2.
Body mass of experimental subjects for wind tunnel and flight tunnel corridor experiments, prior to the experiment, immediately after injection, and immediately after the end of the experiment.
Table 3.
Summary of kinematic changes for each individual in response to loading.
Figure 2.
Wing motion parameters for bats in control and loaded conditions.
Relationship between wingbeat frequency (A), wingbeat amplitude (B), and stroke plane angle (C) with flight speed. Open triangles represent control flights, grey circles represent loaded flights. Each point represents the mean value for a particular trial, using both wind tunnel and flight corridor flights.
Figure 3.
Wing shape parameters for bats in control and loaded conditions.
Relationship between camber (A), wrist extension (B), and wing area (C) with flight speed. Open triangles represent control flights while grey circles represent loaded flights. Each point represents the mean value for a particular trial, using only wind tunnel flights.
Figure 4.
Vertical force coefficient for bats in control and loaded conditions.
Relationship between the vertical force coefficient, Cv, and flight speed for control (open triangles) and loaded (grey circles) flights. Each point represents the mean value for a particular trial, using only wind tunnel flights.