Table 1.
List of specimens in extant/training dataset.
Table 2.
Mesozoic birds and non-avian theropods used in this study.
Figure 1.
Definition of curves for eigenshape analysis of the furcula in profile view, showing 100 evenly-spaced pseudo-landmark points.
Figure 2.
Eigenshape scores and log-transformed body mass data, coloured by flight mode, plotted adjacent to the composite phylogeny (scaled arbitrarily for ease of visualisation) for the extant taxa, allowing visualisation of the phylogenetic signal in flight mode and furcular morphology.
Figure 3.
Log-likelihood plots showing optimum value of Pagel's used to control for phylogenetic non-independence in the phylogenetic Flexible Discriminant Analysis (pFDA).
Figure 4.
Functionally significant eigenshape models of the furcula in profile view for the extant dataset, produced with the Standard and Extended Eigenshape Analysis Mathematica routines of Jonathan Krieger (Version 2.5).
Figure 5.
Bivariate morphospace plots of ES1, ES2 and ES3 for the extant-only dataset.
Species are identified by numbers listed in Table 1.
Figure 6.
Box-and-whisker plot of eigenshape scores for the extant dataset.
Figure 7.
Abouheif's Test for Serial Independence for first three eigenshapes, showing significant phylogenetic signal in all eigenshapes retained.
Table 3.
Results from tests to determine strength of phylogenetic signal in major eigenshapes of extant avian furculae.
Table 4.
Pairwise comparisons for MANOVAs of eigenshapes using D. Hanley's phylogenetic implementation of Tukey's HSD.
Figure 8.
Functionally significant eigenshape models of the furcula in profile view for the full dataset including Mesozoic taxa, produced with the Standard and Extended Eigenshape Analysis Mathematica routines of Jonathan Krieger (Version 2.5).
Figure 9.
Bivariate morphospace plots of ES1, ES2 and ES3 for the full dataset, including Mesozoic taxa.
Figure 10.
Ternary plot of first three eigenshapes for full dataset, allowing clearer visualisation of the separation of Mesozoic groups in morphospace.
Table 5.
Pairwise comparisons for MANOVA of first three eigenshapes using D. Hanley's phylogenetic implementation of Tukey's HSD.
Figure 11.
Bivariate plot of discriminant variates using predict function of pFDA.
Small circles = training taxa; large triangles = unknown specimens. Colours for both training and unknown samples represent predicted, not predefined, flight modes. Species are identified by numbers listed in Table 1.
Figure 12.
Flight group predictions for Mesozoic taxa using the phylogenetic Flexible Discriminant Analysis of Motani and Schmitz [61].
Flight predictions for optimum value of Pagel's are indicated by the blue vertical line.
Table 6.
Cross-classification/confusion matrix from phylogenetic flexible discriminant analysis of full dataset including Mesozoic taxa.