Figure 1.
Wing patterns morphs and geographic distributions of the Müllerian co-mimics H. erato and H. melpomene.
Mimetic morphs [3], [15], [30] (aligned rows), from H. erato (left) and H. melpomene (right), included in this study (photographs show the type specimens). Coloured boundaries on a satellite image of Central and South America indicate the geographic range of each morph [3]. Numbers indicate countries where morphs were sampled (by [29], [30]), West of the Andes: 1 Costa Rica, 2 Panama, 3 West Ecuador; East of the Andes: 4 Colombia, 5 French Guiana, 6 Trinidad, 7 Peru and 8 East Ecuador.
Table 1.
Significance of topological congruence between H. erato and H. melpomene phylogenies.
Figure 2.
Phylogenies of H. erato and H. melpomene illustrating branching orders of co-mimetic country level populations within each species.
Example phylogenies independently estimated for H. erato (black, left) and H. melpomene (orange, right) using the Minimise Deep Coalescence (MDC) method [32]. These correspond to cophylogenetic analysis “separate MDC countries 1” in Table 1. H. erato/H. melpomene co-mimics (see Figure 1) are indicated by grey lines. This is one of several possible phylogeny pairs with similarly high congruence (see Table 1). Taxon labels indicate the sampled biogeographic region (East or West of the Andes), and country (abbreviations are: CR Costa Rica, Pa Panama, E Ecuador, C Colombia, FG French Guiana, T Trinidad and Pe Peru).
Figure 3.
Cophylogenetic reconstruction of the history of mimicry between country level populations of H. erato and H. melpomene.
Example cophylogenetic history of the mimicry relationship between H. erato and H. melpomene based on MDC phylogenetic estimates (shown in Figure 2), and reconstructed using TreeMap 3. Bars indicate 95% Bayesian confidence intervals for divergence times, corresponding to Figure S1. Grey-filled dots correspond to reconstructed codivergence events; white-filled dots represent duplication events which, in this case, are both followed by model switch events – one for the colonisation of H. erato etylus in East Ecuador by H. melpomene ecuadoriensis, here the sister to H. melpomene malleti (also from East Ecuador), the other for the colonisation of the H. erato hydara population from Trinidad by a population of H. melpomene melpomene, here the sister of a lineage from French Guiana (one of the sampled mainland countries closest to Trinidad); the only mimicry loss event is indicated at the most recent common ancestor of H. erato hydara populations from Trinidad and Panama. Taxon labels correspond to those in Figure 2.