Figure 1.
Populations from southern China and Southeast Asia analyzed in this study.
Diamonds denote the location of populations newly sampled in this study; populations reported are indicated by bold circles. Population ID numbers are shown in Table 1. MSEA, Mainland Southeast Asia; WISEA, western Island Southeast Asia; EISEA, eastern Island Southeast Asia.
Table 1.
General information for 57 populations in southern China and Southeast Asia.
Figure 2.
Classification tree of 26 NRY haplogroups along with their frequencies (%) in four populations.
Haplogroup defining markers are given along the branches; corresponding markers genotyped in Karafet et al. [27] are noted in brackets. The names of haplogroups are shown to the right of the branches using the mutation-based nomenclature of the Karafet et al. [35].
Figure 3.
PCA plot based on NRY haplogroup frequencies of 45 populations in southern China and Southeast Asia.
Figure 4.
MDS plot of 53 populations with RST genetic distances based on eight common Y-STRs.
For population information, see Table 1. Because of severe genetic drift [27], populations Taiwan, Nias, and Mentawai that were resolved as the outliers in the initial analyses and were excluded.
Figure 5.
Median-joining networks of eight Y-STRs within NRY haplogroups C-M216, F-M213*, K-P131*, O-M7, O-M88, O-M95*, O-M119*, O-M134, O-P191*, O-P200*, and P-P27.1.
Sizes of the circles are proportional to haplotypes frequencies. The lengths of the lines are proportional to the mutational steps.
Figure 6.
Median-joining networks of eight Y-STRs within NRY haplogroups R-M17 and R-M124.
Sizes of the circles are proportional to haplotypes frequencies. The lengths of the lines are proportional to the number of mutational steps.
Figure 7.
NRY and mtDNA haplogroup profiles for the Chams and the Kinhs.
For mtDNA haplogroups, M* includes M17, M20, M21d, M22, M33c, M50, M51, M71, M72, M73, and M77; N* includes N21 and N23; R* includes R22 and R23 [10].
Table 2.
Admixture analysis of the two populations from southern Vietnam.