Table 1.
Breakdown of living taxa among the Neoasteroidea from Foltz and Mah [69], [181].
Table 2.
Cold-Temperate-Tropical Water Asteroid Occurrence.
Figure 1.
Paleozoic stem-group somasteroid and asteroids.
A. Ophioxenikos langenheimi (Somasteroidea) Blake & Guensburg, X-4751. B. Urasterella grandis (Meek) USNM 40885. Ordovician. C. Hudsonaster incomptus (Meek) USNM 40882 Ordovician. D. Jugiasspeciosus (Miller and Dyer). MCS 10806. Ordovician. E. Helianthaster rhenanus Roember . PWL 1983-21, Devonian. F and G. Paleaster clarki Clarke and Swartz USNM 144825. Devonian.
Figure 2.
Summary diagram of phylogenetic tree.
Topology from combined trees of Mah and Foltz [69], [181], Janies et al [173], and Blake [4]. “Asterinidae” refers to paraphyletic clades as outlined by Mah and Foltz [69].
Figure 3.
A. Asterias forbesi (Asteriidae) USNM 43197 B. Odinella nutrix (Brisingida) USNM E13561. C. Heliaster cumingii No number. D. Stichaster striatus (Stichasteridae) USNM 1085979. E. Doraster constellatus (Zoroasteridae) USNM E23145.
Figure 4.
Paxillosida (including Benthopectinidae) diversity.
A. Ctenodiscus australis, abactinal surface USNM 37148 B. Same specimen, showing actinal surface and fasciolar grooves. C. Dytaster grandis USNM E15959 D. Luidia clathrata USNM 8507 E. Pseudarchaster parelii USNM 1085998 F. Luidiaster antarcticus USNM 1121741.
Figure 5.
Diversity within the Valvatacea.
A. Pentagonaster pulchellus (Goniasteridae) USNM E9756 B. Pentaster obtusatus (Oreasteridae) USNM C. Tremaster mirabilis (Asterinidae) USNM E46295 D. Nardoa tuberculata (Ophidiasteridae) E16509 E. Porania pulvillus (Poraniidae) USNM 11035 F. Crossaster campbellicus USNM 1122950.
Figure 6.
Forcipulatacea, Spinulosidan, Velatidan Diversity.
A. Ampheraster marianus (“Pedicellasteridae”-Forcipulatacea) USNM E16024. B. Henricia obesa (Echinasteridae) USNM 1120449. C. Remaster gourdoni (Korethrasteridae) USNM E 47646. D. Myxaster sol (Myxasteridae) Yale Peabody Museum 36040 E. Diplopteraster multipes (Pterasteridae) USNM 5530. F. Caymanostella spinimarginata (Caymanostellidae) USNM E 27575.