Figure 1.
Maps of the two study basins where frog populations were monitored during chytridiomycosis outbreaks.
Sequence of maps shows the spread of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) through Milestone Basin (A–E) and Sixty Lakes Basin (F–J). Lake color (green for Bd-negative populations, yellow for Bd-infected populations, and black for extinct frog populations) shows Bd infection and frog population status, and the light gray shaded region surrounds the area where frog populations were Bd-positive in each year. Open circle indicates the pond where Bd was first detected and where moribund frogs were collected for blood samples in 2004. Modified from [17].
Figure 2.
Appearance and behavior of mountain yellow-legged frogs (Rana muscosa) and during a chytridiomycosis outbreak in Sixty Lakes Basin, Sierra Nevada Mountains, California.
A) A frog showing clinical signs of severe chytridiomycosis including abnormal posture. B) Dead frogs following a chytridiomycosis outbreak in Milestone Basin.
Table 1.
Component loadings of blood biochemistry parameters measured in mountain yellow-legged frogs infected with Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis.
Figure 3.
Mass and blood biochemistry parameters collected from mountain yellow-legged frogs during a chytridiomycosis outbreak.
A–C) Mass, hematocrit and protein values suggest dehydration in frogs with high loads of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd). D–F) Plasma electrolyte concentrations (sodium and chloride) indicate abnormalities in fluid and electrolyte balance in frogs with high Bd-loads.
Table 2.
Pearson correlation between Bd-load (genomic equivalents determined by qPCR analysis) and parameters that loaded highly on the Fluid and electrolyte balance component.
Figure 4.
Hematocrit in yellow-legged frogs grouped by intensity of infection with Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis.
The group of frogs with over 10,000 zoospore equivalents had significantly different hematocrit percentages compared with the group that was uninfected (Tukey HSD, P = 0.02).