Table 1.
Negatively selected codon sites detected in RVFV.
Figure 1.
Maximum clade credibility (MCC) tree for the short (S) segment.
Relationship among 167 strains of RVFV isolated from different localities and countries. Samples from Mauritania and Senegal are shown by green and yellow dots respectively. The recurrent independent clustering of green and yellow dots suggests multiple introductions of RVFV into these countries throughout the 20th century. Posterior probability values greater than 90% are shown near tree nodes.
Figure 2.
Maximum clade credibility (MCC) tree for the medium (M) segment.
Relationship among 128 strains of RVFV isolated from different localities and countries. Samples from Mauritania and Senegal are shown by green and yellow dots respectively. The recurrent independent clustering of green and yellow dots suggests multiple introductions of RVFV into these countries throughout the 20th century. Posterior probability values greater than 90% are shown near tree nodes.
Figure 3.
Maximum clade credibility (MCC) tree for the long (L) segment.
Relationship among 126 strains of RVFV isolated from different localities and countries. Samples from Mauritania and Senegal are shown by green and yellow dots respectively. The recurrent independent clustering of green and yellow dots suggests multiple introductions of RVFV into these countries throughout the 20th century. Posterior probability values greater than 90% are shown near tree nodes.
Figure 4.
Bayesian skyride plot (BSP) for the three genomic segments of RVFV.
The effective population size times the generation time (Ne.g) parameter approximates the number of infections in time. The plots overlay indicated complex oscillations with higher viral activity starting at around 1930, culminating sometime between the 40's and 60's, followed by a steady decrease from the 70's to the present. The stabilization of near the present is consistent with enzooticism, since the virus is not kept in human populations.
Figure 5.
Large-scale geographic spread of RVFV in Africa and Saudi Arabia based on the S segment.
The directed lines connect the sources and target localities (shown by arrows) of viral lineages. The distinct introductions into Senegal and Mauritania were represented by different colors. The estimated time to the most recent common ancestor of strains from different countries are shown within rectangles and could be interpreted as the oldest possible year of introduction of that lineage at that locality.
Figure 6.
Geographic spread of RVFV in Mauritania and Senegal.
The directed lines connect the sources and target localities (shown by arrows) of viral lineages. The distinct introductions into Senegal and Mauritania were represented by different colors. The estimated time to the most recent common ancestor of strains from different countries are shown within rectangles and could be interpreted as the oldest possible year of introduction of that lineage at that locality.