Figure 1.
Experimental design: each subject underwent a 40-min recording session consisting of four blocks of 9′40″ duration each.
Block 0 (baseline) preceded the application of cTBS 300 pulses over left M1; the remaining three blocks followed the cTBS (label A). Each block comprised of five events: 1) a pause of 1′10″, 2) MEPs recording for 1′10″, 3) EEG recording at rest of 3′00″, 4) a brief pause of 20″, and 5) EEG recording at active state, during the execution of a Reaction Time (RT) task, of 4′00″ duration (label B). Label C illustrated the example of the display presented on the computer screen during the experiment.
Figure 2.
Grand average of ERPow transformation for θ (4–7.5 Hz) range.
Post-cTBS after-effects are represented at rest and at active state as a function of the factors: group (Active cTBS and Sham cTBS), electrodes (F3, Fz, F4, C3, Cz, C4, P3, Pz, P4) and block of time (three levels – block one, two and three). The overall 30 minutes of post-cTBS after-effects on modulation of cortical oscillations for both groups of participants are shown at rest (label A) and active state (label E). Whereas the cTBS after-effects on ERPow separate for Block 1, Block 2 and Block 3 post stimulation are shown at rest (label B, C, and D) and at active state (label F, G, and H). ERPow at rest showed increased θ oscillations for Active cTBS group compared with Sham cTBS group across the three blocks post stimulation (See B–D).
Figure 3.
Grand average of ERPow transformation for µ (10–12.5 Hz) range.
Post-cTBS after-effects are represented at rest and at active state as a function of the factors: group (Active cTBS and Sham cTBS), electrodes (F3, Fz, F4, C3, Cz, C4, P3, Pz, P4) and block of time (three levels – block one, two and three). The overall 30 minutes of post-cTBS after-effects on modulation of cortical oscillations for both groups of participants are shown at rest (label A) and active state (label E). Whereas the cTBS after-effects on ERPow separate for Block 1, Block 2 and Block 3 post stimulation are shown at rest (label B, C, and D) and at active state (label F, G, and H). ERPow at active state, during the execution of a motor task, showed higher EEG synchronisation for Active cTBS group compared with Sham cTBS group for C3 and Cz electrodes (See E).
Figure 4.
Grand average of ERPow transformation for low β (13–19.5 Hz) range.
Post-cTBS after-effects are represented at rest and at active state as a function of the factors: group (Active cTBS and Sham cTBS), electrodes (F3, Fz, F4, C3, Cz, C4, P3, Pz, P4) and block of time (three levels – block one, two and three). The overall 30 minutes of post-cTBS after-effects on modulation of cortical oscillations for both groups of participants are shown at rest (label A) and active state (label E). Whereas the cTBS after-effects on ERPow separate for Block 1, Block 2 and Block 3 post stimulation are shown at rest (label B, C, and D) and at active state (label F, G, and H). Increased of neuronal synchronisation was seen for 30 minutes post-cTBS in low β band. ERPow at rest, showed higher EEG synchronisation for Active cTBS group compared with Sham cTBS group for F4, C3, C4 and P3 electrodes (See A). ERPow during active condition, showed higher synchronisation for Active cTBS compared with Sham cTBS for Cz and C4 electrodes (See E).
Figure 5.
Grand average of ERPow transformation for high β (20–30.0 Hz) range.
Post-cTBS after-effects are represented at rest and at active state as a function of the factors: group (Active cTBS and Sham cTBS), electrodes (F3, Fz, F4, C3, Cz, C4, P3, Pz, P4) and block of time (three levels – block one, two and three). The overall 30 minutes of post-cTBS after-effects on modulation of cortical oscillations for both groups of participants are shown at rest (label A) and active state (label E). Whereas the cTBS after-effects on ERPow separate for Block 1, Block 2 and Block 3 post stimulation are shown at rest (label B, C, and D) and at active state (label F, G, and H). Increased of neuronal synchronisation was seen for 30 minutes post-cTBS in high β band at rest for Active cTBS group compared to Sham cTBS group across the three blocks for frontal electrodes F3, Fz and F4 (See A–D).
Figure 6.
Normalised Mean Motor Evoked Potentials (MEPs) amplitude.
Post-cTBS after-effects are shown at rest as a function of the factors: group (Active cTBS and Sham cTBS), and block of time (three levels – block one, two and three). Long-lasting conditioning effect of cTBS 300 pulses on MEP amplitude was seen up to 20 minutes post magnetic stimulation (Block 1 and Block 2) for Active cTBS group compared to Sham cTBS group.
Figure 7.
Normalised Mean Response Times.
Post-cTBS after-effects were assessed at active state, during the execution of a Reaction Time (RT) task. Absence of long-lasting conditioning effect of cTBS 300 pulses on RT task performance for Active cTBS group compared to Sham cTBS group, showing a practice effect.