Figure 1.
Prevalence of obesity, type-2 diabetes, diabetic retinopathy, and cataract in Indian Immigrants and local Malays living in Singapore.
Asterisk indicates statistical significance between groups in age and gender adjusted regression model (p<0.05). DR = Diabetic retinopathy; VTDR = vision-threatening diabetic retinopathy; NC = nuclear cataract; CC = cortical cataract; PSC = posterior sub-capsular cataract. Prevalence data are age and gender standardized using the 2010 Singapore Indian population census.
Table 1.
Associations of type-2 diabetes and diabetes-related complications with migration status.
Figure 2.
Non-linear relationships of duration of residence with prevalence of type-2 diabetes and its related complications in the first-generation Indian immigrants.
Each plot is derived from a multivariate generalized additive model. The solid lines represent fitted lowess curves. Figure 2A shows the nonlinear relationship with BMI, after controlling for the influences of age, gender, systolic blood pressure (SBP), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL); Figure 2B shows the nonlinear relationship with prevalence of diabetes, after controlling for the influences of age, gender, BMI, SBP, HDL, LDL, triglycerides, education, income and housing type; Figure 2C shows the linear relationship with age at diagnosis of diabetes, after controlling for the influences of age, gender, BMI, SBP, hba1c level, education, income and housing type; Figure 2D shows the nonlinear relationship with prevalence of DR, after controlling the influences of age, gender, diabetic duration, hba1c level, SBP, education, income and housing type; Figures 2E to 2G show the nonlinear relationships with prevalence of nuclear cataract (NC), cortical cataract (CC), posterior sub-capsular cataract (PSC) after controlling the influences of age, gender, diabetic duration, hba1c level, education, income and housing type.