Figure 1.
Geographic location of the ancient human remains analysed in the present study.
All sites are located in the North of the Iberian Peninsula.
Table 1.
Chronology, subsistence pattern and geographical origin of the prehistoric samples analysed in the present study.
Table 2.
Distribution of the frequencies (%) of the mtDNA haplotypes (HT) and haplogroups (HG) obtained in the prehistoric samples from the present work (see nomenclature in Table 1).
Figure 2.
Multidimensional Scaling (MDS), considering the Fst genetic differences calculated according to the distribution of the mtDNA haplogroup frequencies of different populations; Chalcolithics in the Basque Country (purple), Neolithics (green), present-day Near East and northern Caucasus (orange) and Europeans (blue).
Abbreviations for populations. Hunter-gatherer groups: Scandinavia (HG_SCA), Central Europe (HG_CE) and Cantabrian fringe (HG_CANT: La Chora, La Pasiega, Aizpea and Erralla). Neolithic populations: Catalonia (NEO_CAT), Central Europe (NEO_CE), France (NEO_FR) and Navarre (Los Cascajos and Paternanbidea) (NEO_NAVARRE). Chalcolithic populations in the Basque Country: Longar, SJaPL and Pico Ramos. Present-day populations in Europe: Eastern Mediterranean (MdE), Central Mediterranean (MdC), Western Mediterranean (MdW), Northeast Europe (NE), North-Central Europe (NC), Northwest Europe (NW), Southeast Europe (SE), Scandinavia (SCA), Alps (ALP), Iberian Peninsula (Ib_Pen), and Cantabrian Fringe populations (Cant_F) (that includes the Basque Country)
Figure 3.
Median Joining Network of European Paleolithic, Neolithic and Bronze Age sequences.
Data encompass mtDNA HVR-I (nps 15999-16399). Hunter-gatherer groups: Scandinavia (HG_SCA) in pink, Central Europe (HG_CE) in orange, and the Cantabrian fringe (HG_CANT: La Chora, La Pasiega, Aizpea and Erralla) in blue. Neolithic populations: Catalonia (NEO_CAT) in green, Central Europe (NEO_CE) in purple, Northwest France (NEO_FR_NW) in brown, South of France (NEO_FR) in white, and the Cantabrian fringe (NEO_Cant_F: Los Cascajos, Paternanbidea, Fuente Hoz and Marizulo) in light blue. Urtiaga (Bronze Age) in black.