Figure 1.
The mitochondrial genome of Liposcelis bostrychophila.
The directional transcription is indicated with arrows. Protein-coding and ribosomal genes are shown in white with standard abbreviations. tRNA genes are abbreviated by a single letter with dark gray except the 2 serine and 2 leucine tRNAs: S1 = AGN, S2 = UCN, L1 = CUN, and L2 = UUR. The non-coding regions >50 bp are indicated in black. IR, an identical region in mt chromosome I and mt chromosome II. The four pseudogenes and their corresponding position in the putatively functional genes are indicated by the number I, II, III, and IV. The cut sites of restriction enzymes used for verification of the multipartite mitochondrial genome, NdeI, XbaI, NdeI, and ApaI are shown. Arrows and gray curves indicate primers and PCR fragment, respectively. See Table 1 for PCR primers. The figures are approximately to scale.
Table 1.
Primers used for PCR amplification in this study.
Figure 2.
PCR amplification of mitochondrial DNA from Beibei strain of Liposcelis bostrychophila.
(A) Initial Long-PCR amplification of four fragments for the mitochondrial genome of L. bostrychophila. (B) PCR tests to verify the multipartite mt genomes in the Beibei strains of L. bostrychophila. Lane C1, negative control without the forward primer P9 or P11; lane C2, negative control without the reverse primer P10 or P12; lane C3, negative control without the DNA template. Lane M: 1 kb marker (TaKaRa). Lane M2: DL2000 bp marker (TaKaRa). “P1–P2”, the product of PCR with primers P1 and P2, etc. Primer names in Table 1.
Figure 3.
Arrangement of mitochondrial genes in the booklouse, barklouse and parasitic lice that have been sequenced and the gene-arrangement of the hypothetical ancestor of the arthropods.
Circular genomes have been arbitrarily linearized for ease of comparison. Gene names are the standard abbreviations used in the present study. tRNA genes are designated by the single letter according to the IPUC-IUB one-letter amino acid codes. Genes which are underlined are encoded on the opposite strand to the majority of genes in that particular genome. Black boxes represent putative control regions. Shared gene-boundaries are labeled with square “brackets” above each genome.
Figure 4.
Putative secondary structures of the 20 tRNA genes identified in the mitochondrial genome of Liposcelis bostrychophila.
Bars indicate Watson-Crick base pairings, and dots between G and U pairs mark canonical base pairings appearing in RNA.
Figure 5.
A putative stem-loop in the 485 bp (NCRI-4 = NCRII-3) identity non-coding regions of two mitochondrial chromosomes in Liposcelis bostrychophila.
Table 2.
Nucleotide composition of the mitochondrial genome of Liposcelis bostrychophila.
Figure 6.
Restriction enzyme digests of long-PCR product P9–P10 and P11–P12 from Beibei strain of Liposcelis bostrychophila.
Lane M: 1 kb marker (TaKaRa); Lane M2: DL2000 bp marker (TaKaRa). D1 represent digestion of PCR product P9–P10 which contain three fragments, 4,529 bp, 2,704 bp, and 865 bp; D2 represent digestion of PCR product P11–P12 which contain four fragments, 4,736 bp, 1,054 bp, 833 bp, and 771 bp.
Figure 7.
Mitochondrial genomes of other five strains of Liposcelis bostrychophila.
See table S1 for the names of these strains.
Table 3.
Real-time PCR results showing the relative copy number of mt chromosome I to chromosome II.
Figure 8.
Phylogeny from mitochondrial genome sequences.
Numbers above the branches show support for the phylogenies from amino acid sequences whereas numbers below the branches show support for phylogenies from nucleotide sequences: Bayesian posterior probability/ML bootstrap support values/NJ bootstrap support values. Only support above 50% is shown only.
Figure 9.
The architecture of mitochondrial chromosomes in 2,267 bilateral animals.
The typical animal mitochondrial chromosome is represented as a single red color circle whereas multipartite chromosomes are represented as small circles. Armadillidium vulgare has a linear chromosome plus a circular chromosome. Numbers in brackets indicate the number of species for which entire genome sequences are known. Stars indicate partial mitochondrial genomes. Phylogeny from the Tree of Life Web Project (http://tolweb.org/tree/).