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Figure 1.

Males of the subfamily Amblyoponinae, head in full-face view.

1A, Adetomyrma mg02 (CASENT0079552); 1B, Stigmatomma mg01 (CASENT0080397); 1C, Mystrium mgm07 (CASENT0081390); 1D, Prionopelta mgm05 (CASENT0049679); 1E, Xymmer mgm06 (CASENT0083484).

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Figure 1 Expand

Figure 2.

Males of the subfamily Amblyoponinae in lateral view.

2A, Adetomyrma mg02 (CASENT0079552); 2B, Stigmatomma mg01 (CASENT0080397); 2C, Mystrium mgm07 (CASENT0081390); 2D, Prionopelta mgm05 (CASENT0049679); 2E, Xymmer mgm06 (CASENT0083484).

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Figure 2 Expand

Figure 3.

Males of the subfamily Amblyoponinae in dorsal view.

3A, Adetomyrma mg02 (CASENT0079552); 3B, Stigmatomma mg01 (CASENT0080397); 3C, Mystrium mgm07 (CASENT0081390); 3D, Prionopelta mgm05 (CASENT0049679); 3E, Xymmer mgm06 (CASENT0083484).

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Figure 3 Expand

Figure 4.

Posterior portion of the abdomen in oblique dorsal view.

4, Stigmatomma mg01 (CASENT0080397).

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Figure 4 Expand

Figure 5.

Left metatibia in frontal view.

5A, Prionopelta mg01 (CASENT0049809); 5B, Mystrium mg05 (CASENT0492154).

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Figure 5 Expand

Figure 6.

Abdominal tergum IV in dorsal view.

6A, Adetomyrma mg02 (CASENT0218011); 6B, Stigmatomma mg01 (CASENT0083104).

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Figure 6 Expand

Figure 7.

Abdominal sternum IX of amblyoponine males in ectal view.

7A, Adetomyrma mg02 (CASENT0218011); 7B, Stigmatomma mgm01 (CASENT0111612); 7C, Mystrium mgm02 (CASENT0078803); 7D, Prionopelta descarpentriesi (CASENT0081411); 7E, Xymmer mgm02 (CASENT0052348).

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Figure 7 Expand

Figure 8.

Right aedeagus of amblyoponine males in mesal view.

8A, Adetomyrma mg02 (CASENT0218011); 8B, Stigmatomma mgm01 (CASENT0111612); 8C, Mystrium mgm02 (CASENT0078803); 8D, Prionopelta descarpentriesi (CASENT0081411); 8E, Xymmer mgm02 (CASENT0052348).

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Figure 9.

Right volsella of amblyoponine males in mesal view.

9A, Adetomyrma mg02 (CASENT0218011); 9B, Stigmatomma mgm01 (CASENT0111612); 9C, Mystrium mgm02 (CASENT0078803);9 D, Prionopelta descarpentriesi (CASENT0081411); 9E, Xymmer mgm02 (CASENT0052348).

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Figure 10.

Right forewing of amblyoponine males in dorsal view.

10A, Adetomyrma mg05 (CASENT0218013); 10B, Stigmatomma mg01 (CASENT0083104); 10C, Mystrium rogeri (CASENT0218102); 10D, Prionopelta descarpentriesi (CASENT0081411); 10E, Xymmer mgm04 (CASENT0113147).

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Figure 11.

Right hindwing of amblyoponine males in dorsal view.

11A, Adetomyrma mg05 (CASENT0218013); 11B, Stigmatomma mg01 (CASENT0083104); 11C, Mystrium rogeri (CASENT0218102); 11D, Prionopelta descarpentriesi (CASENT0081411); 11E, Xymmer mgm04 (CASENT0113147).

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Figure 12.

Left mandible of amblyoponine males in oblique dorsal view.

12A, Adetomyrma mg02 (CASENT0218011); 12B, Stigmatomma mgm03 (CASENT0007087); 12C, Mystrium mgm02 (CASENT0078803); 12D, Prionopelta descarpentriesi (CASENT0081411); 12E, Xymmer mgm02 (CASENT0052348).

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Figure 13.

Mouthparts of amblyoponine males in anterior view.

13A, Adetomyrma mg02 (CASENT0218011), an anomaly is observed on the left maxillary palp; 13B, Stigmatomma mgm03 (CASENT0007087); 13C, Mystrium mgm02 (CASENT0078803); 13D, Prionopelta descarpentriesi (CASENT0081411); 13E, Xymmer mgm02 (CASENT0052348). Each image is modified to clearly show its palpal segments.

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Figure 14.

Workers of Xymmer and Amblyopone.

14A–C, Xymmer muticus (CASENT0217322: lectotype, designated in this study); 14D, Stigmatomma mg06 (CASENT0022237). 14A, lateral view; 14B, dorsal view; 14C, 14D, full-face view.

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Table 1.

Character matrix for males of Malagasy Amblyoponinae.

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Table 1 Expand

Figure 15.

Morphological characters mapped on phylogenetic topology of XMAS clade and Prionopelta as an outgroup.

Characters plotted on the topology of the XMAS presented in Brady et al. [13]. Numbers in each box correspond to character in Table 1; numbers under the box represent character states; boxes filled in gray indicate those characters are unique to each genus or clade; dashed line is hypothetical.

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Figure 16.

Mandibular transformation in Stigmatomma and Amblyopone.

16A, 16-a1-a5, Malagasy Stigmatomma (Stigmatomma mg01: CASENT0227519); 16B, 16-b1-b5, Amblyopone australis (CASENT0172268). 16A, 16-a1-a4, 16B, 16-b1-b4, worker mandible; 16-a5, 16-b5, male mandible. Series represents the transformations in workers' mandibles to SS form (16-a1-a5), with males having a single-toothed mandible, or AD form (16-b1-b5), with males having double-toothed mandible; mandibular teeth are blue and basal denticles are red.

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