Figure 1.
Males of the subfamily Amblyoponinae, head in full-face view.
1A, Adetomyrma mg02 (CASENT0079552); 1B, Stigmatomma mg01 (CASENT0080397); 1C, Mystrium mgm07 (CASENT0081390); 1D, Prionopelta mgm05 (CASENT0049679); 1E, Xymmer mgm06 (CASENT0083484).
Figure 2.
Males of the subfamily Amblyoponinae in lateral view.
2A, Adetomyrma mg02 (CASENT0079552); 2B, Stigmatomma mg01 (CASENT0080397); 2C, Mystrium mgm07 (CASENT0081390); 2D, Prionopelta mgm05 (CASENT0049679); 2E, Xymmer mgm06 (CASENT0083484).
Figure 3.
Males of the subfamily Amblyoponinae in dorsal view.
3A, Adetomyrma mg02 (CASENT0079552); 3B, Stigmatomma mg01 (CASENT0080397); 3C, Mystrium mgm07 (CASENT0081390); 3D, Prionopelta mgm05 (CASENT0049679); 3E, Xymmer mgm06 (CASENT0083484).
Figure 4.
Posterior portion of the abdomen in oblique dorsal view.
4, Stigmatomma mg01 (CASENT0080397).
Figure 5.
Left metatibia in frontal view.
5A, Prionopelta mg01 (CASENT0049809); 5B, Mystrium mg05 (CASENT0492154).
Figure 6.
Abdominal tergum IV in dorsal view.
6A, Adetomyrma mg02 (CASENT0218011); 6B, Stigmatomma mg01 (CASENT0083104).
Figure 7.
Abdominal sternum IX of amblyoponine males in ectal view.
7A, Adetomyrma mg02 (CASENT0218011); 7B, Stigmatomma mgm01 (CASENT0111612); 7C, Mystrium mgm02 (CASENT0078803); 7D, Prionopelta descarpentriesi (CASENT0081411); 7E, Xymmer mgm02 (CASENT0052348).
Figure 8.
Right aedeagus of amblyoponine males in mesal view.
8A, Adetomyrma mg02 (CASENT0218011); 8B, Stigmatomma mgm01 (CASENT0111612); 8C, Mystrium mgm02 (CASENT0078803); 8D, Prionopelta descarpentriesi (CASENT0081411); 8E, Xymmer mgm02 (CASENT0052348).
Figure 9.
Right volsella of amblyoponine males in mesal view.
9A, Adetomyrma mg02 (CASENT0218011); 9B, Stigmatomma mgm01 (CASENT0111612); 9C, Mystrium mgm02 (CASENT0078803);9 D, Prionopelta descarpentriesi (CASENT0081411); 9E, Xymmer mgm02 (CASENT0052348).
Figure 10.
Right forewing of amblyoponine males in dorsal view.
10A, Adetomyrma mg05 (CASENT0218013); 10B, Stigmatomma mg01 (CASENT0083104); 10C, Mystrium rogeri (CASENT0218102); 10D, Prionopelta descarpentriesi (CASENT0081411); 10E, Xymmer mgm04 (CASENT0113147).
Figure 11.
Right hindwing of amblyoponine males in dorsal view.
11A, Adetomyrma mg05 (CASENT0218013); 11B, Stigmatomma mg01 (CASENT0083104); 11C, Mystrium rogeri (CASENT0218102); 11D, Prionopelta descarpentriesi (CASENT0081411); 11E, Xymmer mgm04 (CASENT0113147).
Figure 12.
Left mandible of amblyoponine males in oblique dorsal view.
12A, Adetomyrma mg02 (CASENT0218011); 12B, Stigmatomma mgm03 (CASENT0007087); 12C, Mystrium mgm02 (CASENT0078803); 12D, Prionopelta descarpentriesi (CASENT0081411); 12E, Xymmer mgm02 (CASENT0052348).
Figure 13.
Mouthparts of amblyoponine males in anterior view.
13A, Adetomyrma mg02 (CASENT0218011), an anomaly is observed on the left maxillary palp; 13B, Stigmatomma mgm03 (CASENT0007087); 13C, Mystrium mgm02 (CASENT0078803); 13D, Prionopelta descarpentriesi (CASENT0081411); 13E, Xymmer mgm02 (CASENT0052348). Each image is modified to clearly show its palpal segments.
Figure 14.
Workers of Xymmer and Amblyopone.
14A–C, Xymmer muticus (CASENT0217322: lectotype, designated in this study); 14D, Stigmatomma mg06 (CASENT0022237). 14A, lateral view; 14B, dorsal view; 14C, 14D, full-face view.
Table 1.
Character matrix for males of Malagasy Amblyoponinae.
Figure 15.
Morphological characters mapped on phylogenetic topology of XMAS clade and Prionopelta as an outgroup.
Characters plotted on the topology of the XMAS presented in Brady et al. [13]. Numbers in each box correspond to character in Table 1; numbers under the box represent character states; boxes filled in gray indicate those characters are unique to each genus or clade; dashed line is hypothetical.
Figure 16.
Mandibular transformation in Stigmatomma and Amblyopone.
16A, 16-a1-a5, Malagasy Stigmatomma (Stigmatomma mg01: CASENT0227519); 16B, 16-b1-b5, Amblyopone australis (CASENT0172268). 16A, 16-a1-a4, 16B, 16-b1-b4, worker mandible; 16-a5, 16-b5, male mandible. Series represents the transformations in workers' mandibles to SS form (16-a1-a5), with males having a single-toothed mandible, or AD form (16-b1-b5), with males having double-toothed mandible; mandibular teeth are blue and basal denticles are red.