Figure 1.
Mapped distribution of survey results for brucellosis antibodies among buffalo in Botswana in relation to average cattle counts (orange color ramp) and average buffalo counts (blue color ramp; Inset A); Inset B illustrates the distribution of FPA positive animals identified in this study (red squares) relative to historical samples screened by Cooper and Carmichael (1974; purple boxes).
Green shaded areas are gazetted as conservation land use such as national parks, reserves, and wildlife management areas.
Table 1.
Seroprevalence of brucellosis among sampled buffalo and giraffe by administrative districts and year of sampling (see Figure 3 for map of districts).
Table 2.
Human cases of brucellosis are presented by age, sex, occupation, and year of diagnosis.
Figure 2.
Estimated buffalo population numbers for Northern Botswana (1988–2006) from dry season aerial surveys conducted by the Department of Wildlife and National Parks.
Figure 3.
Cattle distribution mapped across Africa corrected to 2000 country estimates from the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) Gridded Livestock Production and Health Atlas (GLiPHA) livestock data set (Inset A) [50].
Changes in cattle density from 2000 to 2005 are illustrated in the Inset B (low to high, blue to red color ramp).
Figure 4.
Seasonal changes in total biomass (livestock and wildlife combined) in northeastern Botswana from aerial animal surveys conducted by the Department of Wildlife and National Parks in the dry season (A-1990, B-1999) and wet season (C-1990, D-1999).
Red cells represent increases in total biomass above the annual mean. Blue cells represent decreases below the annual mean. The green line represents the Chobe National Park boundary for reference. Note: the park is not fenced and wildlife populations occur throughout the area at different densities and intensity of overlap with humans.
Figure 5.
Map of Botswana showing annual range of greenness (NDVI) from temporal Fourier processed AVHRR satellite data illustrating the extreme variation in vegetation associated with rainfall, particularly in northern Botswana.
Red areas indicate zones with the most dramatic change in vegetation over the year. The green area indicates the location of Chobe National Park (referred to in Figure 4).