Figure 1.
Mitochondrial genome sequence of Philanthus triangulum.
Genes on the inside of the circle are located on the complementary strand (−). Genes are color-coded according to gene function: tRNA genes in blue, rRNA genes in red, genes of the NADH dehydrogenase complex in yellow, ATP synthase genes in dark green, cytochrome oxidase genes in light pink, cytochrome b in light green, and the AT-rich control region in magenta.
Figure 2.
Bayesian phylogeny inferred from the 1st and 2nd codon positions of the 13 mitochondrial protein-coding genes.
Because most of the maximum likelihood values differed very little from the posterior probabilities, branches are labeled with a single number for reading clarity. Most are maximum likelihood bootstrap proportions (regular text) but are replaced by posterior probabilities (bold italics) for branches with a difference of more than five between the two values. Branches are color-coded based on order-level taxonomic affiliations.
Figure 3.
Maximum likelihood tree inferred from the mitochondrial 12S and 16SrRNA gene sequences of 50 representative taxa from the four major holometabolous insect orders.
Branches are color-coded based on order-level taxonomic affiliations (see Fig. 2).
Figure 4.
Molecular clock analysis of 50 representative taxa from the four major holometabolous insect orders (global molecular clock lnL = −311050, no clock lnL = −309424).
Numbers correspond to significantly different local clock log likelihood values as follows: ΔlnL = 24 df = 2 (branch 1), ΔlnL = 125 df = 3(branch 2), ΔlnL = 170 df = 5 (branch 3), ΔlnL = 172 df = 6 (branch 4), ΔlnL = 263 df = 8 (branch 5), ΔlnL = 817 df = 9 (branch 6), ΔlnL = 2363 df = 19 (branch 7). Branches are color-coded based on order-level taxonomic affiliations (see Fig. 2).
Table 1.
Comparative analysis of relative substitution rates in hymenopteran and non-hymenopteran taxa for three mitochondrial and four nuclear phylogenies.
Figure 5.
Principal components analysis of base frequencies among mitochondrial genome sequences.
A Plot of the first principal component against the second principal component (explaining 93% and 5% of the variability, respectively). B Boxplot of PC1 according to insect orders. An ANOVA of the first principal component shows that the base composition in Hymenoptera is significantly biased relative to the other orders (P<0.01 for all pairwise comparisons involving Hymenoptera), due to very high AT frequencies. Samples are color-coded based on order-level taxonomic affiliations (see Fig. 2).
Figure 6.
Phylogenetic trees from analyses of four nuclear genes for representative taxa of the four major holometabolous insect orders.
Sequences for the analysis of wingless, PEPCK, and ArgK were obtained from the NCBI database, the 18S dataset represented a reduced dataset from the analysis of Whiting (2002) that was supplemented with some additional taxa of Apidae from the NCBI database. Hymenopteran taxa are highlighted by yellow branches.