Figure 1.
Map of Madhya Pradesh showing the sampling area. The samples were collected from those areas where the tribes concerned were in highly concentrated. Bhil is collected from Sehore district, Bharia from Chhindwara region and Sahariya from Shivpuri district of Madhya Pradesh.
Figure 2.
Rooted maximum parsimony tree.
Rooted maximum parsimony tree of Bhil, Bharia and Sahariya tribes constructed based on Y SNP binary markers. The contemporary populations from different language groups are taken from the literature [5], [7], [9], [10], [13], [28].
Figure 3.
Unrooted phylogenetic networks.
Unrooted phylogenetic network of a) haplogroups M95-O2a; b) haplogroup M82-H1a and c) haplogroup M17-R1a. The network was constructed using a median-joining algorithm as implemented in the Network 4.5.0.2 program. The size of the circles is proportional to the number of samples. Comparative data was taken from the literature [7], [17].
Table 1.
The coalescent age of the major Y-chromosomal haplogroups observed in studied populations.
Table 2.
mtDNA haplogroup frequencies in the studied populations and in neighbouring groups.
Figure 4.
The Median joining network of 209 mtDNAs belonging to three studied populations.
Each sample represented on the diagram has been sequenced for the HVS-I region and genotyped for the coding region mutations that are indicated. Circle sizes are proportional to the number of mtDNAs with that haplotype. 16182C, 16183C and 16519 polymorphisms were omitted. Suffixes A, C, G and T indicate transversions.
Figure 5.
Principal Component Analysis (PCA).
PCA plots constructed on the basis of (a) Y SNP haplogroup frequencies and (b) mtDNA haplogroup frequencies. Comparative data were taken from the Indo-European and Austroasiatic populations from the adjoining regions and states of Madhya Pradesh [3], [5], [7], [9], [10], [13], [22], [28].
Figure 6.
Ancestry sharing analysis by STRUCTURE.
STRUCTURE analysis of the populations typed for 48 AIMs. Individuals are represented as thin vertical lines partitioned into segments corresponding to the inferred membership in K = 4 genetic clusters as indicated by the colors.