Table 1.
Element clumping index, quantifying the effect of foliage clumping at scales larger than the shoot, as a function of the solar zenith angle for the study stand.
Table 2.
Mean needle-to-shoot area ratio and standard deviation of P. koraiensis for nine trees and height classes in north-eastern China.
Table 3.
Specific leaf area of main tree species, obtained from sample foliage in the study stand.
Table 4.
Adjustment coefficient, adjusting the leaf area based on the length and width of single leaf, obtained from 20 sample leaves for each broad-leaved species in the study stand.
Figure 1.
Seasonality of mean leaf area for the tree species, obtained from 60 sample leaves (needle samplings were moderately increased) of 3 individuals for each species.
Each time series for the data was normalized using the annual maximum value set to 1.0.
Table 5.Total.
area from litter accounted for by the major species at the study site in the whole investigation period.
Figure 2.
LAI of total broad-leaved species in the study site estimated by three components: true LAI of May 1st and November 15th, litter trap data and leaf seasonality observations.
Error bars represent the standard error.
Figure 3.
LAI of total coniferous species in the study site estimated by the increased LAI from leaf seasonality observations minus the decreased LAI from litter trap data.
Error bars represent the standard error.
Figure 4.
The total LAI of broad-leaved and coniferous species estimated throughout the study period.
For broad-leaved species, LAI was estimated using the leaf seasonality observations and litter trap data during the study period; and for coniferous species, in addition to these data, LAI was also estimated based on true LAI on May 1st and November 15th because there are no leafless periods in a mixed forest. Error bars represent the standard error.
Figure 5.
LAI of the canopy estimated by two methods: The method proposed in the present study (which was estimated by three components: LAI of May 1st and November 15th, litter trap data and leaf seasonality observations) and the hemispherical photography.
Error bars represent the standard error.