Figure 1.
Proposed phylogenetic hypotheses within Heteroptera.
(A) after Schuh (1979). (B) after Zrzavý (1992). (C) after Mahner (1993) & Shcherbakov and Popov (2002). (D) after Wheeler et al. (1993). (E) after Yang (2002). (F) after Xie et al. (2008). Cim.: Cimicomorpha; Dip.: Dipsocoromorpha; Eni.: Enicocephalomorpha; Ger.: Gerromorpha; Lep.: Leptopodomorpha; Nep.: Nepomorpha; Pen.: Pentatomomorpha.
Table 1.
Data statistics for individual and combined analyses.
Figure 2.
Substitution patterns of 18S rDNA, 28S rDNA, 16S rDNA and COI gene.
The number of transition (S) and transversion (V) substitutions is plotted against Kimura 2 parameter (K2p) distance considering all sites. Each point represents a pairwise comparison among two taxa. (A) 18S rDNA saturation plot. (B) 28S rDNA saturation plot. (C) 16S rDNA saturation plot. (D) COI saturation plot.
Figure 3.
MP phylogram inferred from nuclear data set with gaps coded as missing data.
Bootstrap support values (>50%) are indicated at each node.
Figure 4.
ML phylogram inferred from nuclear data set.
Bootstrap support values (>50%) are indicated at each node.
Figure 5.
Bayesian phylogram inferred from nuclear data set.
Bayesian posterior probabilities (>50%) are indicated at each node.
Figure 6.
MP phylogram inferred from combined data set with gaps coded as missing data.
Bootstrap support values (>50%) are indicated at each node.
Figure 7.
ML phylogram inferred from combined data set.
Bootstrap support values (>50%) are indicated at each node.
Figure 8.
Bayesian phylogram inferred from combined data set.
Bayesian posterior probabilities (>50%) are indicated at each node.
Figure 9.
Chronogram of the maximum likelihood phylogeny of Heteroptera and outgroups generated using Penalized Likelihood.
Approximate divergence dates and 95% confidence intervals of selected clades (A, B, C, D, E) are indicated along the x-axis. Average ages for F, G, H, K, L, M and N were: F,228.0 Mya; G,164.1 Mya; H, 186.2 Mya, K, 66.3 Mya; L,193.0 Mya; M, 192.2 Mya; N, 152.9 Mya. Bars in corresponding colours were represented the age ranges of the oldest fossils for the infraorders.
Figure 10.
Chronogram of maximum credibility ultrametric tree the Heteroptera generated using BEAST.
Branch lengths are drawn proportional to time; highest posterior density credible intervals for nodes are indicated by horizontal grey bars.