Figure 1.
WS070117 prevented liver fat accumulation in hyperlipidemic hamsters.
(A): The effect of WS070117 on hepatic TG at week 10 (n = 5). (B): WS070117 reduced lipid droplets in the liver of hyperlipidemic hamsters. ## P<0.001, compared with control group, **P<0.01, compared with model group.
Table 1.
Lipid-lowering effects of WS070117 (2 mg·kg−1) in serum from hyperlipideminc hamsters.
Figure 2.
Various echogenicity in hamster liver tissue demonstrates that WS070117 prevents fat accumulation in the liver.
(A) Images of pericholecystic space; (B) Images of liver edge.
Figure 3.
Typical 500 MHz 1H-NMR spectra of hamster plasma and liver samples.
(A): 1H-NMR BPP-LED spectra of plasma samples. (B): 1H-NMR CPMG spectra of plasma samples. (C): HR-MAS 1H-NMR standard spectra of liver tissues. Signal assignment: VLDL, very low-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; PtdCho, Phosphatidylcholine; Ile, Isoleucine; Leu, Leucine; 3-HB, 3-D-Hydroxybutyrate; Val, Valine; Eth, (residual) Ethanol; Lac, Lactate; Ala, Alanine; Lys, Lysine; Ace, Acetate; N-Ac, N-Acetyl glycoproteins; O-Ac, O-Acetyl glycoproteins; Met, Methionine; Pyr, Pyruvate; Gln, Glutamine; Cho, Choline; GPC, Glycerophos- phorylcholine; Glc, Glucose; TMAO, Trimethylamine-N-oxide.
Figure 4.
PR analysis of 1H-NMR BPP-LED spectra of hamster plasma.
(A): PCA scores plot of 1H-NMR BPP-LED spectra of plasma samples from normal and hyperlipidemic hamsters (R2X = 0.998, Q2 = 0.808). (B): Corresponding loadings plot indicating those NMR spectral regions responsible for the separation. (C): Scores plot of OPLS-DA analysis of the spectra of hamster plasma (R2X = 0.994, R2Y = 0.518, Q2 = 0.347). •, Control hamsters; ▪, Hyperlipidemic hamsters; ▴, Hyperlipidemic hamsters treated with simvastatin (2 mg·kg−1); *, Hyperlipidemic hamsters treated with WS070117 (2 mg·kg−1).
Table 2.
Relative integrals from some selected metabolites contributing to the classification of hamsters in four groups.
Figure 5.
PR analysis of HR-MAS 1H-NMR standard spectra of hamster liver tissues.
(A): PCA analysis of the spectra of liver tissues from normal and hyperlipidemic hamsters (R2X = 0.997, Q2 = 0. 945). (B), (C) and (D): Scores plot of pair-wised OPLS-DA analysis of the spectra of liver tissues from untreated and treated hyperlipidemic hamsters ((B) R2X = 0.98, R2Y = 0.97, Q2 = 0.762; (C) R2X = 0.979, R2Y = 0.942, Q2 = 0.723; (D) R2X = 0.988, R2Y = 0.968, Q2 = 0.838). •, Control hamsters; ▪, Hyperlipidemic hamsters; ▴, Hyperlipidemic hamsters treated with simvastatin (2 mg·kg−1); *, Hyperlipidemic hamsters treated with WS070117 (2 mg·kg−1).
Figure 6.
High resolution 500 MHz single pulse 1H-NMR spectra of liver tissue extracts from control hamsters.
(A): 1H-NMR spectrum of liver tissue aqueous extracts from control hamsters. (B): 1H-NMR spectrum of liver tissue chloroform/methanol extracts from control hamsters. Signal assignment: 1, Bile acid C18 methyls; 2, Isoleucine; 3, Leucine; 4, Valine; 5, β-Hydroxybutyrate; 6, Lactate; 7, Alanine; 8, Lysine; 9, Acetate; 10, Glutamate; 11, Glutamine; 12, Glutathione; 13, Succinate; 14, Aspartate; 15, Tyrosine; 16, Choline; 17, Phosphocholine; 18, Glycerophosphorcholine; 19,Trimethylamine-N-oxide; 20, Betaine; 21, N-methyl nicotinamide; 22, β-Glucose; 23, α-Glucose; 24, Glycogen; 25, UDP-Glucose; 26, NAD+; 27, NADP+; 28, Inosine&adenosine; 29, AMP; 30, Fumarate; 31, Histidine; 32, Nicotinurate; 33, Adenine; 34, Adenosine; 35, Cholesterol (C18H3); 36, Fatty acid residues (ω-CH3); 37, Cholesterol (C26H3, C27H3, C21H3); 38, Fatty acid residues (ω-CH3 of total omega-3 fatty acid); 39, Cholesterol (C19H3); 40, Fatty acid residues ((CH2)n); 41, Fatty acid residues (COCH2-CH2); 42, Fatty acid residues (-CH2 of ARA+EPA); 43, Fatty acid residues (CH2-CH = ); 44, Fatty acid residues(-CO-CH2); 45, Fatty acid residues (α and β CH2 of DHA); 46, Fatty acid residues (-CH = CH-CH2-CH = CH-of linoleic acid); 47, Fatty acid residues (CH = CH-CH2-CH = CH)n, n>1; 48, CH2-NH2 of PE; 49, N+(CH3)3 (PC and SM); 50, Cholesterol (C3H); 51, Triglycerides (C1H and C3H of glycerol); 52, Triglycerides (C1H and C3H of glycerol); 53, Triglycerides (C2H of glycerol); 54, Fatty acid residues (CH = CH); 55, Cholesterol (C6H). ARA, Arachidonic acid; EPA, Eicosapentaenoic acid; DHA, Doco- sahexaenoic acid; PE, Phosphatidylethanolamine; PC, Phosphatidylcholine; SM, Sphingo- myelin.