Figure 1.
Time course of disease activity index.
Time course of disease activity index (DAI) (mean+SEM) in normal mice (normal, n = 5), following rectal administration of trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) only (TNBS, n = 27) or treatment with XG-102 (100 µg/kg sc., n = 16) or sulfasalazine (10 mg/kg, po. daily, n = 12). *, **, *** = p<0.05, p<0.01 and p<0.001 for all groups compared with TNBS group.
Figure 2.
Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) scores.
Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) scores from distal (A) and medial (B) colon. For the tissue damage score (hatched bars), the scores of ulcer, crypts and submucosa were summed-up for each individual animal, and the mean±SEM was calculated for each group. The mean±SEM of the infiltration score (grey bar) is separately shown. ***, ** = p<0.001 and p<0.01 for all groups compared with TNBS group.
Figure 3.
Infiltration and presence of CD3- and CD68-positive cells.
The proportion (%) of CD3- or CD68-positive cells from all cells within a defined vision field in the distal and medial colon from normal mice (normal, n = 5), following rectal trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) administration only (TNBS, n = 6) and treatment with XG-102 (100 µg/kg sc.) (n = 7). *, ** = p<0.05 and p<0.01 compared with TNBS group.
Figure 4.
Representative CD3 and CD68 immunofluorescence.
Representative CD3 (left) and CD68 (right) immunofluorescence of the distal colon from normal mice, trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) administration and treatment with sc. 100 µg/kg XG-102.
Figure 5.
TNF-α release (pg/ml) into the supernatant of organic colon culture from normal mice, following trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) only, and treatment with sc. 100 µg/kg XG-102. ** = p<0.01 for all groups compared with TNBS group.
Figure 6.
Western blot analysis of (A) caspase-3 and cleaved caspase-3, (B) Bax and Bim, and (C) FasL and p53 from colon extracts of untreated controls (co) 12 h, 24 h and 72 h following trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) administration without or with XG-102 (100 µg/kg sc.). These blots are representative of 3 independent experiments.
Figure 7.
JNK1 and JNK2 immunoprecipitates (IP) from colon tissue homogenates were analyzed by Western blotting with an anti-Bim antibody. Pounceau staining demonstrated equal loading (data not shown).
Figure 8.
Western blot analysis of c-Jun and phospho-c-Jun in colon homogenates from untreated controls (co) and 12 h or 24 h following trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) administration without or with XG-102 (100 µg/kg sc.). These blots are representative of 3 independent experiments.
Table 1.
Tissue damage scores.