Figure 1.
Incidence of parasites in pollinators.
Overall proportions of honey bees (Apis mellifera), five species of bumblebees (Bombus spp.), three species of wasps (Vespula vulgaris, V. germanica, Dolichovespula sylvestris), three genera of other bees (Andrena, Halcitus, Lasioglossum; there were also some that could not be identified) and four species of hoverflies (Eristalis arbustorum, E. tenax, Episyrphus balteatus, Rhingia campestris) which were positive (coloured) or negative (white) for the deformed wing virus (DWV), Ascosphaera fungus, Microsporidia and Wolbachia parasites. Sample sizes for each host are given in parentheses. Significant differences in incidence between species within each of the five host types (honey bees, bumblebees, wasps, other bees, hoverflies) are indicated to the right of the relevant bars (* = P<0.05; ns = P>0.05).
Figure 2.
Locations of the sites at which pollinator samples were collected.
Samples were collected within a 5 km area at each site. See Table 1 for the precise location of each of the numbered sites and the numbers of pollinators collected at each.
Table 1.
Real-time Taqman PCR primers and probes used to detect acute bee paralysis virus (ABPV), black queen cell virus (BQCV), chronic bee paralysis virus (CBPV), deformed wing virus (DWV), Israeli acute paralysis virus (IAPV) and sacbrood virus (SBV).