Figure 1.
Osteological characters of Paedophryne amauensis, P. swiftorum.
A. X-ray of paratype of Paedophryne amauensis (LSUMZ 95002). B. X-ray of paratype of P. swiftorum (BPBM 31886). C,E,G,I. Photos of cleared and double-stained paratype of P. amauensis (LSUMZ 95002). C. Whole body. E. Head. G. Hand. I. Foot. D,F,H,J. Photos of cleared and double-stained paratype of P. swiftorum (BPBM 31886). D. Whole body. F. Head. H. Hand. J. Foot. Skeletal elements labeled as follows: Fp, frontoparietal; Il, illium; Mc1-4, metacarpals 1-4; Mt1-5, metatarsals 1-5; Mx, maxilla; N, nasal; S, Sacrum; Sp, sphenethemoid; Sq, squamosal; U, urostyle; V1, first presacral vertebra; V7, seventh presacral vertebra.
Table 1.
Mensural characters of Paedophryne amauensis and P. swiftorum.
Table 2.
Relevant proportions of Paedophryne species.
Figure 2.
Type localities, call sonograms, and photographs of Paedophryne species.
A. Photograph of paratype of Paedophryne swiftorum in life (BPBM 31880). B. Waveform (upper right), power spectrum (lower left) and spectrogram (lower right) of a single call series consisting of four double notes of the holotype of P. swiftorum (BPBM 31883). C. Type localities of the four species of Paedophryne. Blue: P. swiftorum; red: P. amauensis; yellow: P. kathismaphlox; purple: P. oyatabu. D. Photograph of paratype of P. amanuensis (LSUMZ 95004) on U.S. dime (diameter 17.91 mm). E. Waveform (upper right), power spectrum (lower left) and spectrogram (lower right) of the first four notes of the call of the holotype of P. amauensis (LSUMZ 95000).
Table 3.
Call characters of Paedophryne amauensis.
Table 4.
Call characters of Paedophryne swiftorum.
Table 5.
Sizes and mode of reproduction in extremely miniaturized frogs.
Figure 3.
Phylogenetic position of Paedophryne and evolution of body size in Asterophryinae.
Maximum likelihood phylogeny of Paedophryne and asterophryine frogs. Colors of branches correspond to maximum male SVL (Paedophryne) or average SVL within each clade on a logarithmic scale (Table 6). Circles above branches correspond to posterior probabilities: black: >0.95; grey: 0.85–0.95; white: 0.5–0.85. Circles below branches correspond to maximum likelihood bootstrap support: black: >95%; grey: 75–95%; white: 50–75%.
Table 6.
Average sizes of asterophryine genera.