Table 1.
Descriptive statistics for the primary and secondary endophenotypic measures in the SZ and NCS subjects of European ancestry.
Table 2.
Correlations between the significantly different endophenotypic measures in the SZ and NCS subjects of European ancestry.
Figure 1.
Summary of the most significant associations observed in the European ancestry sample.
Empirical p-values are presented for each of the 38 genes with each of the 10 phenotypes and schizophrenia using a minimum empirical p-value of <0.01 as a threshold. Note that not all associations to the same gene across phenotypes reflect associations to the same SNP, although many do. An asterisk (*) indicates that at least one SNP in the gene associated with the specified phenotype has been previously associated with schizophrenia as follows: rs963468 in DRD3 [46], rs2344485 in NEUROG1 [47]; rs520692 in NOTCH4 [48], [49]; rs1954787 in GRIK4 [50]; rs1805247 in GRIN2B [51], [52]; and rs2267341 and rs2283981 in CACNG2 [53]. Genes associated with three or more phenotypes are indicated in bold.
Figure 2.
Distribution of the 94 candidate genes in known biological pathways.
Associated (empirical p<0.01) genes are indicated in bold, and those associated with more than one phenotype are additionally indicated with an asterisk (*).
Figure 3.
Genetic network detailing the types of interactions between a subset of the 94 candidate genes.
Genes associated (empirical p<0.01) with at least one neurophysiological phenotype (PPI, startle habituation, and P50 S1) are highlighted in yellow in (A), and genes associated (empirical p<0.01) with the neurocognitive phenotypes (antisaccade, LNS forward, LNS re-order, CVLT-II immediate recall, CVLT-II delayed recall, WCST-64 perseverative responses, or WCST-64 categories) are highlighted in (B). Note that antisaccade was grouped with the neurocognitive phenotypes based on its demonstrated correlations with these measures (see Table 2). Genes are represented as nodes, and the biological relationship between two nodes is represented as an edge (line or arrow) supported by at least one reference from the literature, a textbook, or canonical information derived from the human, mouse, and rat orthologs of the gene that are stored in the Ingenuity Pathways Knowledge Base. Solid and dashed lines/arrows indicate direct and indirect interactions, respectively.
Figure 4.
Summary of the most significant associations observed in the African ancestry sample.
Empirical p-values are presented for each of the 11 genes exhibiting pleiotropy in the analyses of the European ancestry sample with each of the 10 phenotypes and schizophrenia using a minimum empirical p-value of <0.01 as a threshold. Note that not all associations to the same gene across phenotypes reflect associations to the same SNP, although many do.