Figure 1.
Island groups and maximum geological ages according to França et al. [67].
Table 1.
Taxon names and origin of the Juniperus samples included in the phylogenetic analysis.
Table 2.
Plant material of Juniperus brevifolia used for sequencing petN-psbM, trnS-trnG and trnT-trnL from 71 samples.
Table 3.
Juniperus brevifolia individuals (n = 367) used to infer the amplicon length of the psbA-trnH region.
Figure 2.
Phylogenetic relationships within Juniperus section inferred from trnL and trnL-trnF, and divergence time-scale derived from BEAST.
Numbers before taxon names refer to the coding no. given in Tables 1/S1. Numbers above branches are BEAST posterior probabilities; numbers below branches are Maximum Likelihood bootstrap support values (before slashes); and Maximum Parsimony bootstrap support values (after slashes). Asterisks indicate absence of support. Gray bars represent divergence times (95% highest posterior density intervals) for each node, while numbers in white circles represent calibration points obtained from Mao et al. [42]: (1) split between sects. Juniperus-Caryocedrus (49.1–29.9 Mya), (2) crown of sect. Juniperus (29.9–11.1 Mya) and (3) crown of BSG in sect. Juniperus (17.5–4.7 Mya). BEAST posterior probability values for calibration nodes were inferred from Mao et al. [42].
Figure 3.
cpDNA (petN-psbM/trnS-trnG/trnT-trnL) haplotype network and its spatial distribution in the Azores archipelago.
Each haplotype is represented by both a number and a color. Haplotype sizes are proportional to the number of individuals displaying them. Distinct clades (A and B) are shown within boxes.
Table 4.
Genetic differentiation associated with isolation according to island group distances and island ages.
Table 5.
Population pairwise FST estimates based on haplotype sequences (above the diagonal) and geographic distances (in km, below the diagonal).
Figure 4.
Relaxed molecular-clock chronogram and phylogeographic reconstruction of Juniperus brevifolia.
Maximum clade credibility tree summarized from the geospatial Bayesian analysis of cpDNA (petN-psbM, trnS-trnG and trnT-trnL sequences) of 71 individuals of J. brevifolia. Pie charts represent posterior probability distributions of ancestral range at well-supported nodes of interest. Colored rectangles represent the sample's island of origin. The haplotype relatedness is also shown in the well-supported clades. Colonization routes supported by a BF>3 are shown on the map. The color of each route represents its relative support, with more intense colors indicating stronger support. Arrows specify directionality in the colonization route, inferred from well-supported nodes of interest in the geospatial Bayesian analysis. The map is based on satellite images available in Google Earth (http://earth.google.com).