Figure 1.
Median-joining network of 367 mtDNA coding region sequences.
Median-joining network of 367 mtDNA coding region sequences corresponding to rCRS positions 577-16023. Blue, CHB; green, CHS; yellow, CHD; purple, JPT. Red squares indicate clusters with distinct expansions and Macrohaplogroup M, N and R. 1, D4; 2, D4b2b; 3, D4b2b1; 4, D4a; 5, D4j; 6, D5a2a; 7, A; 8, N9a; 9, F1a1'4; 10, F2; 11, B4; 12, B4a; 13, G2a1; 14, M7a1a; 15, M7b1'2'4. Branch length is proportional to steps of mutations except the dashed line between Macrohaplogroup M and N.
Table 1.
Haplogroup frequencies in the four East Asian populations.
Table 2.
Age estimations of each cluster with distinct expansion in East Eurasians.
Figure 2.
mtDNA Bayesian skyline plot showing the size trend of 4 East Eurasian populations.
The y-axis is the product of maternal effective size and generation time. The x-axis is the time from present in units of years. The thick solid line is the median estimate and the thin lines (blue) show the 95% highest posterior density limits estimated with 40,000,000 chains with the first 4,000,000 generations regarded as burn-in. Detailed settings refers to Methods.
Figure 3.
Time estimation of each observed expansion in 4 East Eurasian populations and Bayesian skyline plot for 3 Chinese populations together.
(A)Time estimation of each observed expansion in 4 East Eurasian populations: ρ statistic-based method with Soares complete genome rate and Soares synonymous rate, and Bayesian MCMC method by BEAST. (B) mtDNA Bayesian skyline plot showing size trend of the 3 Chinese populations together, detailed settings refers to Methods. The grey area shows the time after LGM and before Neolithic Time.