Figure 1.
The pipeline of metagenome sequence analysis used in this work.
Figure 2.
Statistically significant metabolic steps in controls (blue) and cases (red).
Figure 3.
Mean proportion of the 11 most abundant genera that differ significantly between cases and controls (p value≤0.01).
Figure 4.
Mean proportion of four functional groups that differ significantly between cases and controls (p value≤0.01).
Depicted is the abundance of 16S rRNA reads that are assigned to genera known to produce butyrate, lactate, or other short chain fatty acids (SCFA) such as propionate, acetate, or succinate. Also shown is the proportion of bacteria that degrade mucin.
Figure 5.
Forty known functions that differ significantly between cases and controls (p value≤0.01) as determined by the log of the ration between cases and controls.
Twenty of these functions are the highest in cases relative to controls while the other twenty are the highest in controls relative to cases.
Figure 6.
Model for a bacterial role in gut integrity leading to either a healthy state or autoimmunity for type 1 diabetes.
In this model, the fate of lactate is crucial in determining gut health. Conversion to butyrate results in more mucin synthesis and tighter junctions. Conversion to other short chain fatty acids (SCHAs) reduces mucin synthesis and tight junctions. Bacterial genera listed are examples of a given phenotype. Other bacteria may also be involved in these characteristics.