Figure 1.
Photograph of the different nodules.
A, part (A1) and counterpart (A2) of KUVP 152144. B, part (B1), counterpart (B2) and silicone cast of the part (B3) of KUVP 56340. Scale bar = 1 cm.
Figure 2.
Attempted composite reconstruction of the braincase of Kawichthys in right lateral view based on the different 3D reconstructions.
Not to scale.
Figure 3.
Lateral view of the skull of Kawichthys.
Right side. A1, surface rendering generated from Synchrotron Radiation X-ray microtomographic slices of KUVP 56340. Part of the dorsal surface of the interorbital plate removed (dotted line). A2, corresponding drawing. B1, surface rendering generated from Synchrotron slices KUVP 152144. Dark grey, internal surface of the endocranial cavity and dermal median dorsal crest; light grey, external surface of the braincase. B2, corresponding drawing. Scale bar = 0.5 cm. Abbreviations: antjc, anterior opening of the jugular canal; bhd, bucco-hypophyseal duct; dc, dorsal crest; dlof, dorsolateral otic fossa; dor, dorsal otic ridge; endc, endocranial cavity; fIX, foramen for the glossopharygeus nerve; ins, internasal septum; into; interorbital plate; lof, lateral otic fossa; lor, lateral otic ridge; orart, orbital articulation for the palatoquadrate; occr, occipital crest; oof?, otico-occipital fissure; pbc?, posterior basicapsular commissure; postar, postorbital articulation for palatoquadrate; postp, postorbital process; pow, postorbital wall; prp, preorbital process; r?, rostrum; subf, subotic fossa; subs, suborbital shelf; supof, suborbital fenestra; sups, supraorbital shelf; vop, ventral otic process; vor, ventrolateral otic ridge; vppr, ventral paroccipital process.
Figure 4.
Anterior view of the skull of Kawichthys.
A1, surface rendering generated from Synchrotron Radiation X-ray microtomographic slices of KUVP 152144. Dark grey, internal surface of the endocranial cavity and dermal median dorsal crest; light grey, external surface of the braincase. A2, corresponding drawing. B1, surface rendering generated from Synchrotron Radiation X-ray microtomographic slices of KUVP 56340. Part of the dorsal surface of the interorbital plate removed (dotted line). B2, corresponding drawing. Scale bar = 0.5. Abbreviations: clda, canal for lateral dorsal aorta; fsoph, foramen for the superficial ophthalmic nerve complex; prcf?, precerebral fontanelle. See Figs. 3 for other abbreviation.
Figure 5.
Dorsal view of the skull of Kawichthys.
A1, surface rendering generated from Synchrotron Radiation X-ray microtomographic slices of KUVP 56340. A2, corresponding drawing. B1, surface rendering generated from Synchrotron Radiation X-ray microtomographic slices of KUVP 152144. Dark grey, internal surface of the endocranial cavity and dermal median dorsal crest; light grey, external surface of the braincase. B2, corresponding drawing. Scale bar = 0.5 cm. Abbreviations: pdf, posterior dorsal fontanelle; pf, preoccipital fossa; prefp?, preorbital foramen for the ophthalmic profundus ramus of the trigeminal nerve; pt, posterior tectum. See Figs. 3 and 4 for other abbreviation.
Figure 6.
Ventral view of the skull of Kawichthys.
A1, surface rendering generated from Synchrotron Radiation X-ray microtomographic slices of KUVP 152144. Dark grey, internal surface of the endocranial cavity; light grey, external surface of the braincase. A2, corresponding drawing. B1, surface rendering generated from Synchrotron Radiation microtomographic slices of KUVP 56340. B2, corresponding drawing. Scale bar = 0.5 cm. Abbreviations: bho, bucco-hypophyseal opening; feha, foramen for the efferent hyoidean artery; flda, foramen for lateral dorsal aorta; fora, foramen for the orbital artery; fVIIpal, foramen for the palatine ramus of facial nerve (undivided); gda, groove for the dorsal aorta; glda , groove for the lateral dorsal aorta; postjc, posterior opening of the jugular canal. See Figs. 3, 4 and 5 for other abbreviation.
Figure 7.
Transverse microtomographic slices through the interorbital plate of Kawichthys.
Levels of the transverse slices are indicated by arrows in Fig. 6. A1, section through the anterior part of the interorbital plate and endocranial cavity of KUVP 152144. A2, section through the middle part of the interorbital plate of KUVP 152144, no ventral part of the endocranial cavity preserved . A3, section through the posterior part of the interorbital plate of KUVP 152144, no suborbital shelf preserved. B, section through the anterior part of the interorbital plate and endocranial cavity of KUVP 56340. Scale bar = 0.5 cm. Abbreviations: cica, canal for internal carotid artery; il, inner layer of the endocranium; nc, notochordal canal; ol, outer layer of the endocranium. See Figs. 3 and 6 for other abbreviation.
Figure 8.
Dorsal view of the the basicranium of the skull of Kawichthys KUVP 152144.
A1, surface rendering generated from Synchrotron Radiation X-ray microtomographic slices. Part of the dorsal surface of the interorbital plate removed (dotted line). Dark grey, internal surface of the floor of the endocranial cavity and interorbital plate; light grey, external surface of the braincase. A2, corresponding drawing. B1, surface rendering generated from Synchrotron Radiation X-ray microtomographic slices. Dark grey, internal surface of the endocranial cavity and interorbital plate; light grey, external surface of the braincase. B2, corresponding drawing. Scale bar = 0.5 cm. Abbreviations: cora, canal for the orbital artery. See Figs. 3, 4, 6 and 7 for other abbreviation.
Figure 9.
Medial view of the skull of Kawichthys.
A1, sagittal section of surface rendering generated from Synchrotron Radiation X-ray microtomographic slices of KUVP 56340. Right side. Dark grey, internal surface of the endocranial and skeletal labyrinth cavity; light grey, external surface of the braincase. A2, corresponding drawing. B1, sagittal section of surface rendering generated from Synchrotron Radiation X-ray microtomographic slices of the basicranium and some preserved part of the endocranial and labyrinth cavity of KUVP 152144. Left side. Dark grey, internal surface of the endocranial cavity; light grey, external surface of the braincase. B2, corresponding drawing. Scale bar = 0.5 cm. Abbreviations: cIX, canal for the glossopharyngeus nerve; hsc, horizontal semicircular canal; psc, posterior semicircular canal; sac, saccular chamber; ur, utricular recess. See Figs. 3, 5, 6 and 7 for other abbreviation.
Figure 10.
Oblique medial view of the basicranium of KUVP 152144.
Part of the dorsal surface of the interorbital plate removed (dotted line). Left side. A, surface rendering generated from Synchrotron Radiation X-ray microtomographic slices. B, corresponding drawing. Arrows points forward. Scale bar = 0.5 cm. Abbreviations: tff, trigemino-facial fossa. See Figs. 3, 4, 6 and 7 for other abbreviation.
Figure 11.
Posterior view of the skull of Kawichthys.
A1, surface rendering generated from Synchrotron Radiation X-ray microtomographic slices of KUVP 56340 (A). A2, corresponding drawing. B1, surface rendering generated from Synchrotron Radiation X-ray microtomographic slices of KUVP 152144. Dark grey, internal surface of the endocranial cavity and dermal median dorsal crest; light grey, external surface of the braincase. B2, corresponding drawing. Scale bar = 0.5 cm. See Figs. 3, 4, 5 and 6 for the abbreviations.
Figure 12.
Surface rendering generated from Synchrotron Radiation microtomographic slices of posterior part of the preserved endocranial cavity and skeletal labyrinth of Kawichthys KUVP 56340.
A, anterior view. B, posterior view. C, right lateral view. D, dorsal view. Scale bar = 0.5 cm. Abbreviations: cc, crus commune; pa, posterior ampulla. See Figs. 5 and 9 for other abbreviation.
Figure 13.
Phylogenetic relationships recovered by a cladistic analysis of 35 neurocranial characters.
Length = 65, CI = 0.631, RI = 0.795. White plots, homoplastic synapomorphies; Black plots, non-homoplastic synapomorphies. The ambiguous synapomorphies are not shown. Nodes are indicated by letters. Bremer supports are indicated by an underlined number on the left of the corresponding node.
Figure 14.
Reconstruction of the basicranial arterial circulation of Kawichthys in ventral view.
Solid lines represent vessels visible on the surface and dashed lines represent those internal to the cartilage. Not to scale. Abbreviations: da, dorsal aorta; eha, efferent hyoidean artery; ica, internal carotid artery; lda, lateral dorsal aorta; ora, orbital artery.