Figure 1.
Progression of Clinical Scores in MPTP treated monkeys.
Weekly clinical measures (mean ± SEM) for all monkeys aligned on MPTP treatment cessation (MPTP-Off). The shaded area corresponds to the symptomatic stage. During chronic low dose MPTP intoxication (MPTP) and prior to attaining the clinical threshold of 5, monkeys are considered as presymptomatic. After MPTP-Off, 3 monkeys spontaneously recovered to a non-symptomatic stage within 1–4 weeks while 1 monkey remained in a mild-symptomatic stage. Arrowheads in red indicate the time of MPTP onset for each animal.
Figure 2.
Evolution of behavioral parameters throughout the entire protocol.
Weekly behavioral measures (mean ± SEM) for monkey J, left and monkey T, right. A. Clinical score variations from PMRS. Note that a score above 5 defines the symptomatic stage (clinical threshold, green line). B. Percentage of errors (barrier hits, purple) and C. percentage of successes (direct reach, blue) for the detour task (detour trials, see Figure S3). Performances (successes, errors) during and after MPTP-treatment are compared to control measures (horizontal dashed lines). D. Total daytime (orange circles) and night time (black squares) locomotor activity counts and associated curves of activity smoothed with the rloess method (span = 0.5). Baseline levels are represented by dotted lines for each behavioral parameter (Ctr day, Ctr night). Stars refer to statistics applied on Success and Error rates. ns: non-significant,·: p<0.1, *: p<0.05, **: p<0.01, ***: p<0.001.
Figure 3.
Changes of behavioral parameters over MPTP and Recovery periods.
Weekly behavioral measures (mean ± SEM) for monkey F, left and monkey L, right. A. Clinical score variations from PMRS. B. Percentage of errors (barrier hits, purple) and C. Percentage of successes (direct reach, blue) at the detour task. D. Total daytime (orange circles) and night time (black squares) locomotor activity counts and associated curves of activity smoothed with the rloess method (span = 0.5). Conventions as for Figure 2.
Figure 4.
Locomotor activity rhythms (monkey J): A.
48h double-plot actogram: activity presented over consecutive days (each line is 48h) for the entire protocol. Daytime and night time periods are delimited by white and black rectangles, respectively (above actogram). Note the strong synchronization of activity at lights-off. B. 24h average locomotor activity profiles of 3 representative weeks taken over different time-windows of the protocol (time-window periods indicated on the left of profiles). Note the clear increase of night-time activity during MPTP and the progressive decrease after MPTP-Off. Locomotor activity rhythms (monkey T): C. 48h double-plot actogram and D. 24h average locomotor activity profiles (average over 3 representative weeks within the period indicated on the left). Note the clear fragmentation and amplitude decrease of daytime activity with MPTP intoxication and, the progressive return to near baseline after MPTP-Off.
Figure 5.
Clinical Scores (A), behavioral performance (B, error rate) and measures on rest-activity rhythms representing intra-daily stability (C, strength of coupling), relative amplitude (D, rhythm intensity) and variability (E, fragmentation) for case J (black), case T (dark grey), case F (grey) and case L (light grey).