Table 1.
The list of Western Capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus) subspecies and their distribution ranges [20].
Figure 1.
Reconstruction of phylogeny for 68 Tetrao urogallus and 5 Tetrao parvirostris mtDNA control region haplotypes.
A – Maximum likelihood tree according to HKY+G model of nucleotide substitutions with a Ti/Tv ratio of 6.2287 (kappa 11.9429) and gamma distribution parameter alpha of 0.115. Bootstrap support values of 1000-replicate analysis are given for nodes. Western Capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus) mtDNA CRI haplotypes discovered in this study in the Balkans and south-eastern Alps are presented in bold. Black-billed Capercaillie (Tetrao parvirostris) sequences were used as an outgroup. SloA – Slovenia, Alps; SloD – Slovenia, Dinarides; SloAD – Slovenia, Alps and Dinarides; Cro – Croatia, Dinarides; BiH – Bosnia and Herzegovina, Dinarides; Mne – Montenegro, Dinarides; Srb – Serbia, Dinarides; Bg – Bulgaria, Dinarides; Brs – Belarus, Pripyat; Pol – Poland, Carpathian Mountains. B – Minimum spanning network (using Median-joining algorithm with Maximum parsimony post-analysis). Western Capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus) mtDNA CRI haplotypes discovered in this study in the Balkans and south-eastern Alps are presented in bold. Black-billed Capercaillie (Tetrao parvirostris) outgroup (linked to haplotype C1) was omitted for clarity. The size of nodes corresponds to haplotype frequencies. Jackknife support, based on a 100-replicate analysis, of the most likely inter-lineage links and C1-to-outgroup link are presented in [ ], values in < > under haplotypes T3 and Tu44 represent jackknife support of their basal-most and terminal-most position within respective lineage haplogroups.
Table 2.
Sampling localities, dates and sample sizes of Western Capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus) collected in this study, and T. urogallus and Black-billed Capercaillie (Tetrao parvirostris) mtDNA control region I sequences retrieved from Genbank and used in the phylogenetic analysis.
Table 3.
Number of individuals per each Western Capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus) mtDNA control region I haplotype discovered in sampled populations in the Balkans, south-eastern Alps, Poland and Belarus.
Table 4.
Genetic diversity indices for the mtDNA control region I of Western Capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus) populations sampled in the Balkans and south-eastern Alps.
Figure 2.
Map of Western Capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus) sampling localities in the Balkans and south-eastern Alps.
Population codes: A – Slovenia, Julian Alps; B – Slovenia, Karavanke Mountains; C – Slovenia, Kamnik-Savinja Alps; D – Slovenia, Central Eastern Alps; E – Slovenia, Dinarides; F – Croatia, Dinarides; G – Bosnia and Herzegovina, Dinarides; H – Montenegro, Dinarides; I – Serbia, Dinarides; J – Bulgaria, Rhodope and Rila Mountains. Black dots mark the localities where only boreal lineage individuals were discovered, white square markers in black outline represent localities where also southern lineage individuals were discovered. The line marked β represents the only major genetic barrier according to Monmonier's maximum difference algorithm implemented in Barrier v2.2 software (Results).
Table 5.
Average number of pairwise differences assuming Tamura-Nei distances between mtDNA control region I haplotypes of Western capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus) populations from the Balkans and south-eastern Alps above diagonal, within populations on the diagonal (in bold) and corrected between population values below diagonal.
Figure 3.
Observed mismatch distributions and their fit to expected model of demographic expansion.
Mismatch distributions considering all of the differences, including substitutions and indels, between mtDNA CRI haplotypes of Western Capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus) sampled in this study in the Balkans and south-eastern Alps. A – Alps. B – Dinarides. C – only boreal lineage individuals of the combined Dinaric samples for testing the theory of expansion of this lineage in the region in the post glacial period. D – Rhodope and Rila Mountains. SSD - Sum of Squared Deviations, rH - Harpending's raggedness index, g - growth force parameter. * – statistically significant, p<0.05.
Table 6.
Indices used for assessment of demographic status of Western Capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus) populations from the Balkans and south-eastern Alps and testing the fit of mismatch distributions to a simulated model of demographic expansion.
Figure 4.
Western Capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus) distribution map.
The areas shaded light gray mark the boreal lineage range, the dark gray areas mark predominantly southern lineage populations, striped areas are mixed/contact-zone populations. The black arrow marks the isolated west Balkan mountain range population [1], [2], [16], [19]. K – sampling location in Pripyat, Belarus; L – sampling location in the Carpathian Mountains, Poland.