Table 1.
Mitochondrial genome sequences of Hymenoptera sequenced completely or nearly completely prior to the present study and used for phylogenetic analysis.
Figure 1.
The mitochondrial genome of Apis cerana.
Protein-coding genes are transcribed in a clockwise direction, except for those underlined. The two ribosomal RNA genes were encoded by the L strand. Transfer RNA genes encoded by H and L strands are shown outside and inside the circular gene map, respectively. Transfer RNA genes are designated by single-letter amino acid codes, except those encoding leucine and serine, which are labeled L1, L2, S1, S2, representing tRNA-Leu(CUN), tRNA-Leu(UUR), tRNA-Ser(AGN) and tRNA-Ser(UCN), respectively.
Table 2.
Positions and nucleotide sequence lengths of mitochondrial genomes of Apis cerana, and start and stop codons for protein-coding genes as well as their tRNA gene anticodons (starting from tRNA-S1).
Figure 2.
Comparison of the mitochondrial gene arrangement among A. mellifera, A. cerana and ancestral pancrustacean.
tRNA genes are labeled by one-letter symbol on the bar when transcription starts from right to left direction, or under the bar when transcription starts from left to right direction. Underlined PCGs or rRNA genes are transcribed from right to left and PCGs that are not underlined are transcribed from left to right.
Table 3.
Nucleotide composition and skews of Apis cerana mitochondrial protein-coding and ribosomal RNA genes and comparison with Apis mellifera.
Table 4.
Protein-coding gene assignments and similarity between A. cerana and A. mellifera.
Table 5.
Codon usage in 13 protein-coding genes of the Apis cerana mitochondrial genome.
Table 6.
Comparison of A+T content (%) of the AT region, protein-coding and rRNA genes of mitochondrial genomes of Hymenopteran.
Figure 3.
Inferred phylogenetic relationship among the Hymenoptera species.
The analyses were conducted using maximum parsimony (MP), maximum likelihood (ML) and neighbour joining (NJ) of amino acid sequences of 13 protein-coding genes, using Triatoma dimidiata as outgroup. The numbers along branches indicate bootstrap values resulting from different analyses in the order: MP/ML/NJ.
Table 7.
Sequences of primers used to amplify PCR fragments from the Apis cerana mitochondrial genome.