Figure 1.
A. Anthoptilum sp. B. Umbellula lindahli. C. Ptilosarcus gurneyi. D. Protoptilum carpenteri. E. Pennatula sp. Illustrations by Laura Garrison (C), Stephanie King (A), and Jessica Machnicki (B, D, E), California Academy of Sciences.
Figure 2.
Biogeographic distribution of pennatulacean genera with geographically restricted ranges.
Colors represent specific endemic regions for particular genera: Ptilosarcus (orange); Gilibelemnon (violet); Porcupinella (brown); Sarcoptilus (blue); Crassophyllum (green); Amphibelemnon and Actinoptilum (red); Scytaliopsis and Amphiacme (yellow). Black bars represent widespread regions. Vertical axis represents percentage of total number of pennatulacean genera (n = 35). Sources: [7], [40]–[43], [45].
Figure 3.
Widespread distribution of the pennatulacean Anthoptilum grandiflorum (• = collecting stations).
Sources: Acuña & Zamponi, 1992; Grasshoff, 1982; Hickson, 1916; Kolliker, 1880; Kukenthal & Broch, 1911; Williams, 1992. Sources: [11], [19], [23], [26], [37]–[38].
Figure 4.
Bathymetric distributions of pennatulacean genera.
Sources: [11], [16], [40]–[41], [45]. The demarcation between bathymetric groups is arbitrary: shallow <400 m, mid-range 400-13—m, deep ≥2000 m.
Table 1.
The thirty-five extant pennatulacean genera – estimated numbers of valid species and geographic distribution; from various sources [7], [19], [47].
Figure 5.
Rate of discovery of Pennatulacea.
A. Number of published descriptions of valid genera from 1758 to present. B. Number of published descriptions of valid species from 1758 to present.
Figure 6.
A. Distichoptilum gracile, 100 mm. B. Renilla amesthystina, 38 mm, dorsal (upper), ventral (lower). C. Cavernularia glans, 65 mm. D. Cavernularia malabarica, 32 mm. E. Echinoptilum echinatum, 57 mm. F. Actinoptilum molle, 90 mm. G. Porcupinella profunda, 40 mm. H. Sarcoptilus grandis, 220 mm. I. Pteroeides sp., 58 mm. J. Crassophyllum cristatum, 195 mm. K. Gyrophyllum sibogae, 230 mm. L. Gilibelemnon octodentatum, 44 mm. M. Kophobelemnon affine, 140 mm. N. Scytalium martensi, 120 mm. The measurements given represent the total lengths of the entire specimens or portion of specimens shown.
Figure 7.
A. Veretillum cf. manillense, Philippines; photo courtesy: Terrence Gosliner, California Academy of Sciences. B. Pteroeides sp., Philippines. C. Virgularia cf. rumphii, Philippines. D. Actinoptilum molle, South Africa. E. Scytalium cf. sarsi, Philippines. F. Sclerobelemnon sp., Papua New Guinea. G. Cavernularia cf. obesa, Papua New Guinea. H. Pennatula phosphorea, California; photo courtesy: Coral Reef Conservation Program, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. I. Umbellula cf. carpenteri, South Orkney Islands; photo courtesy: Susanne Lockhart, Antarctic Marine Living Resources Program, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.