Table 1.
Honeydew production over 12 h by N. lugens on 12 rice varieties using the honeydew clock method.
Figure 1.
Classification of EPG waveform feeding pattern for BPH in rice.
A: Overall typical waveform in two hours. B: Non penetration (NP), pathway (N1, N2 {irregular mixed} and N3 {transition phase before N4-b start} characterization in 30 seconds. C: Sieve element salivation (N4-a) , Phloem (N4-b) and xylem ingestion phase (N5) characterization in 10 seconds . D: Unclear waveform types; derailed stylet mechanics (N6) and potential drop (N7) characterization in 5 and 60 seconds.
Table 2.
Correlation coefficients and significance levels of qualitative EPG and honeydew drop characters among 12 rice accessions.
Figure 2.
Comparative graph between EPG waveform and honeydew drops.
This graphs are based on percentage duration for each waveform types, NP (Non penetration), pathway, N4-a (sieve element salvation), N4-b (phloem ingestion), N5 (xylem ingestion), N6 (derailed of stylet mechanics) and N7 (potential drop) and honeydew drops for 12 rice varieties. Data were recorded from the first time when BPH make a connection with the plant and then stopped after 12 hs.
Table 3.
Fastest time (h) to N4-a and N4-b waveform patterns within 12 h experiment.
Table 4.
Comparison of different EPG waveform feeding patterns of BPH on different rice varieties for 5 h (8–12 h) (percentage duration and standard error).
Table 5.
Comparison percentage of time for different EPG waveform feeding patterns of N. lugens on different rice varieties for 5 h (8-12 h). (Average percentage frequency and standard error).
Figure 3.
Dendrogram derived using Ward clustering on 56 characters (SAS, 2008).
Twelve rice varieties have been divided into three different groups namely susceptible group 1(Azuceana, TN1, Nipponbare and IR694), moderately resistant group 2 (Fujisaka, IR758, MR232 and MR219) and strongly resistant group 3 (Rathu, IR64, Babawee and F1).
Table 6.
List of 56 characters used for cluster analysis and their significance levels from univariate test statistics using CANDISC procedure (SAS software).
Figure 4.
Average percentage duration of 7 types EPG waveform.
The histogram graph are based on 8 to 12 h (5 hs) recording and followed the susceptible, moderate and resistance groups produced by cluster analysis.
Table 7.
List of rice varieties and their origin used in this study.