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Figure 1.

Different headways.

A. Equal headways lead to shorter passenger waiting times at stations. B. Unequal headways lead to longer waiting times because there is a higher probability of passenger arrival within longer headways.

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Figure 1 Expand

Figure 2.

Flow diagram of self-organizing method (SO ).

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Figure 2 Expand

Figure 3.

Results for homogeneous scenario.

A. Passenger delays for methods: “default” (DF), “max” (MX), and “self-organizing” (SO), for different passenger demands (lower means higher demand). Lower boxes at each column show waiting times at stations. Higher boxes show total waiting times. B. Headway standard deviations. Lower implies more regular headways. DF shows unstable headways, MX equal headways (except for ), and SO adaptive headways. Notice logarithmic scale.

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Figure 3 Expand

Figure 4.

Results for non-homogeneous scenario.

A. Passenger delays for methods: “default” (DF), “max” (MX), and “self-organizing” (SO), for different passenger inflow intervals . Lower boxes, slightly shifted to the right, at each column show waiting times at stations. Higher boxes show total waiting times. B. Headway standard deviations. Lower implies more regular headways. Notice logarithmic scale.

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Figure 4 Expand