Figure 1.
Molecular phylogeny of Strepsiptera.
(A) Branch lengths from the BI 50% majority rule tree, with support values from BI and ML analyses appearing next to nodes. Support values (%) = BI posterior support | 1000 ML parametric bootstraps with Lychnocolax | 500 ML parametric bootstraps without Lychnocolax. Grey oval: support values = BI posterior support | 1000 ML parametric bootstraps including Lychnocolax. Green oval: increased ML support following removal of Lychnocolax. Me = Mengenillidae; C = Corioxenidae; My = Myrmecolacidae; L = Lychnocolax; S+X = Stylopidae+Xenidae; E = Elenchidae; H = Halictophagidae. (B) Male Caenocholax fenyesi sensu lato (C) Female Caenocholax fenyesi sensu lato [4].
Figure 2.
History of divergence and rate of molecular evolution in Strepsiptera.
(A) BI phylogeny using the MIT1+2 dataset calibrated against time. Node age 95% credibility intervals are indicated over nodes. †Increased relative rate of 18S rRNA. *Increased relative rate of MIT1+2. ▴Significant Relative Cladogenesis (RCT) statistics. Arrows indicate fossil calibrated nodes. Clade abbreviations follow Figure 1. (B) History of molecular rate using MIT1+2 scaled to the tree in panel A with number of ancestral character reconstructions at corresponding nodes (dark red bars = total non-homoplastic state changes in morphology under parsimony [34], red bars = total morphological reconstructions using Bayesian ancestral reconstruction). Blue: Log number of lineages at corresponding distance from root. tMRCA = time to Most Recent Common Ancestor; K/T = Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary.
Figure 3.
Bayesian reconstruction of male host-usage according to infra-ordinal grouping.
Known host records are given next to clades. Unshaded lines = unknown records/equivocal reconstructions. Black = Lepismatidae; Red = Heteroptera; Orange = Hymenoptera; Green = Auchenorrhyncha; Purple = possible origin of heteronomy. *Significant node reconstructions using BFs. Pie charts = posterior probability | ML support. BFs and support charts not shown below family. †Probable parthenogens. Clade abbreviations follow Figure 1B. Images: Pheidole sp. (Hymenoptera) with male cephalotheca (top). Sogatella furcifera (Homoptera) with Elenchus japonicas male puparium. Photographs © J. Kathirithamby.
Figure 4.
Graphical summary of molecular rate and morphological branch length variation.
(A) Individual node comparison of molecular rate (pairwise sequence divergence / million years) versus morphological branch length (steps required under parsimony). (B) K-tree null distribution, with test-statistic indicated by arrow. (C) Distribution of molecular rate (left) and morphological branch length (right) variation. (D) Graphical summary of linear model assumptions: non-linearity of error (left) and heterogeneity of variance (right).