Figure 1.
Differences in parasitaemia between species.
Pk = P. knowlesi, Pv = P. vivax and Pf = P. falciparum. U = patients with uncomplicated disease and C = patients with complicated. The point corresponding the P. vivax patient with complicated disease is shaded. The Kruskal-Wallis test was significant (p = <0.0001) for between group differences. Dunn's post test values are shown when p = <0.05.
Table 1.
Correlations of parasitaemia with clinical and laboratory variables.
Figure 2.
Comparison of significant (p = <0.05)correlations between P. falciparum, P. knowlesi and P. vivax parasitaemia and immune mediators.
Columns show cytokines and chemokines divided by function or cell source; a) pro-inflammatory, b) anti-inflammatory, c) macrophage/dendritic cell derived and d) IL-2 and VEGF growth factors. The arrow shows level of significance of each association (Spearman's rank correlation test). * VEGF is inversely associated with P. knowlesi parasitaemia.
Table 2.
Cytokine and chemokine results summarised by patient group.
Figure 3.
Anti-inflammatory mediators IL-1ra and IL-10 were detected in all patients in the study.
Pk = P. knowlesi, Pv = P. vivax and Pf = P. falciparum. U = patients with uncomplicated disease and C = patients with complicated disease. The points corresponding to the P. vivax patient with complicated disease are shaded. Horizontal lines appear at the median values. The Kruskal-Wallis test was significant (p = 0.0001) for IL-1ra but not IL-10. Dunn's post test values are shown when p = <0.05.
Table 3.
Associations between variables measured, IL-1ra and IL-10.
Table 4.
Correlates of macrophage and monocyte activation.
Figure 4.
Diagrammatic representation of percentage change in median values of immune mediators between uncomplicated and complicated disease in P. falciparum and P. knowlesi infections as reported (Table 2).
Columns show cytokines and chemokines grouped by function or cell source; a) pro-inflammatory, b) anti-inflammatory, c) macrophage/dendritic cell derived and d) IL-2 and VEGF growth factors. The arrows indicate percent and direction of change.